1. 18-4: America as a World Power

2. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy: T. R
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy: T.R.’s foreign policy = the use of the U.S. military, especially the navy, to influence other nations
American action taken:
Consequences of that action:
1. The Russo-Japanese War ended; the Nobel Peace Prize awarded to President Roosevelt; American Prestige increased
Treaty of Portsmouth is negotiated:
Background information: (Russo-Japanese War)
Both Russia and Japan wanted to
control Korea. Japan captured
Korea and invaded Manchuria
which had been controlled by
Russia, but the war was
becoming costly for Japan. So,
Japan asked President Roosevelt
to “mediate” the conflict.

3. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
American action taken:
U.S. Warships are used to ensure Panama’s independence
T.R. supports a revolution in
Panama, so Panama can
gain its independence from
Columbia = U.S. gains a 10
mile wide canal zone
Consequences of that
action: Rights to build a canal
zone, and to intervene in Panama
gained by the U.S.; the Panama
Canal built; U.S. -Latin American
relations severely damaged

4. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
American action taken:
3. Panama Canal is built
Consequences of that action: Travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are significantly reduced; the power and prestige of the U.S. enhanced; U.S. –Latin American relations severely damaged

5. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Diplomacy
American action taken:
4. Roosevelt Corollary is adopted
It was a follow up to the Monroe Doctrine (1823) = Europe should not interfere in Latin America/Western Hemisphere. The Roosevelt Corollary adds the “or else” piece = Teddy Roosevelt’s policy (1904) that said that the U.S. would intervene (militarily) if need be in Latin American republics to ensure their debts paid and order preserved.
Consequences of that
action:
U.S. military intervention in Latin America, specifically Nicaragua, as part of U.S. “international police” power = ensure American dominance in the region
U.S adoption of dollar diplomacy under Taft’s presidency = the use of American investments in other countries in order to exert influence over these nations.

6. Deaths of more than 100 Mexicans
Wilson’s “Missionary Diplomacy”: (The U.S. could not recognize any governments that were oppressive, undemocratic, or opposed to U.S. Business interests)
Consequences of that
action:
Deaths of more than 100 Mexicans
U.S. and Mexico brought close to war
American action taken:
5. Wilson uses a minor incident with Mexico as an excuse to occupy Veracruz
Wilson refused to recognize oppressive Mexican leader, Huerta.
Wilson exercises a plan of “watchful waiting” for the right opportunity to send in troops
Mexican officials arrest U.S. sailors, and Wilson sends in troops

7. Wilson’s “Missionary Diplomacy”:
Consequences of that
action:
U.S. comes into conflict with Pancho Villa
American action taken:
Wilson recognizes the Carranza Government
When Huerta’s regime collapses and Carranza, a nationalist leader, becomes President of Mexico, Wilson withdraws U.S. troops (1914).

8. Wilson’s “Missionary Diplomacy”:
Consequences of that
action:
Anti-American feelings in Mexico is intensified
Mexico nationalizes oil and mineral resources and adopts stricter regulations on foreign investors
American action taken:
7. Wilson refuses Carranza’s demand to withdraw U.S. troops sent into Mexico to capture Villa
(1916) Francisco “Pancho” Villa leads a revolt against Carranza and Wilson sends General John J. Pershing to Mexico to capture him.
Mexicans are angered by the U.S. invasion and Wilson withdraws the troops in (1917)- At that time he is more occupied by the possibility of U.S. Involvement in fighting The Great War in Europe

9. Hay-Pauncefort Treaty
This treaty allows
Britain to get out of
a previous agreement
(1850) to build the
Panama Canal as a
U.S.- British venture
John J. Pershing
U.S. General who led
the troops (Buffalo
Soldiers) to capture
Villa in Mexico