1. 80 Years’ War/Dutch Revolt 1568-1609; -1648

2. Blue: Areas vulnerable to flooding Shhhh…..

4. + the Americas!!!

7. Political & religious disunity  Gallican Church  Huguenots

8. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  Painting by François Dubois, a Huguenot painter. Although Dubois did not witness the massacre, he depicts Admiral Coligny's body hanging out of a window at the rear to the right. To the left rear, Catherine de' Medici is shown emerging from the Louvre to inspect a heap of bodies

10. “Paris is worth a mass”  Foundations of absolutism 