1. Automobile Pollution By: Sheeri Khokhar

2. Facts  45% of organic gases  90% of all carbon monoxide  Over 1/3 of nitrogen oxide  Over 1/4 of hydrocarbons  Sulfur dioxide  45% of organic gases  90% of all carbon monoxide  Over 1/3 of nitrogen oxide  Over 1/4 of hydrocarbons  Sulfur dioxide

3. Due to  Increasing number of drivers and cars driven individually  Culture- Sweet 16  Suburbs  Larger cars- Vehicles have noticeably consumed more fuel in 2003 than in 1988  Increasing number of drivers and cars driven individually  Culture- Sweet 16  Suburbs  Larger cars- Vehicles have noticeably consumed more fuel in 2003 than in 1988

4. The Vehicle  Combustion engines  Ethanol made from corn- still releases carbon dioxide  Smoke caused by engine oil being burned and coolant vaporization  Combustion engines  Ethanol made from corn- still releases carbon dioxide  Smoke caused by engine oil being burned and coolant vaporization

5. Danger  Fine particles in the air causing smog  Hydrocarbons react to sunlight  Nitrogen oxide weakens bodies immune system  Carbon monoxide- blocks respiration  Greenhouse gases- carbon dioxide  Acid rain  Fine particles in the air causing smog  Hydrocarbons react to sunlight  Nitrogen oxide weakens bodies immune system  Carbon monoxide- blocks respiration  Greenhouse gases- carbon dioxide  Acid rain

6. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3702 257

7. The U.S. Takes Action  The first federal Clean Air Act was passed in the 1970’s  Updated in 1990- “acceptable” emission  And yet:  Over half of the U.S. population lives in areas that do not meet federal air quality standards and ~80 million Americans live in areas that continually fail to meet these standards.  The first federal Clean Air Act was passed in the 1970’s  Updated in 1990- “acceptable” emission  And yet:  Over half of the U.S. population lives in areas that do not meet federal air quality standards and ~80 million Americans live in areas that continually fail to meet these standards.

8. Is the Prius Really Environmental Friendly?  How is the Prius Green?  Starts engine when above 5mph  Stops engine when car is at a stop  Light weight/ compact  The Production  Nickel battery  Shipping  Fact or Fiction?  How is the Prius Green?  Starts engine when above 5mph  Stops engine when car is at a stop  Light weight/ compact  The Production  Nickel battery  Shipping  Fact or Fiction?

9. Toyota Prius vs. Porsche

10. To Fix the Problem Now  The government should take action!  Obama: By 2020 vehicles (cars and trucks) must meet the standard of 35 miles-per-gallon, which is a 40% increase  Other Ideas:  Gasoline taxes on consumers.  Public transportation  The government should take action!  Obama: By 2020 vehicles (cars and trucks) must meet the standard of 35 miles-per-gallon, which is a 40% increase  Other Ideas:  Gasoline taxes on consumers.  Public transportation

11. References  Automobiles: Pollution and Energy Use. Michael Bluejay’s BicycleUniverse.info. (1999). http://bicycleuniverse.info/cars/pollutionpaper.html http://bicycleuniverse.info/cars/pollutionpaper.html  Cars, Air Pollution and Health. Air and Breathing. http://www.nutramed.com/environment/cars.htm http://www.nutramed.com/environment/cars.htm  Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution. Union of Concerned Scientist. (2009). http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/vehicle_impacts/cars_pickups_a nd_suvs/cars-trucks-air-pollution.html http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/vehicle_impacts/cars_pickups_a nd_suvs/cars-trucks-air-pollution.html  Innes, Robert. Regulating Automobile Pollution under Certainty, Competition, and Imperfect information. Journal of Environmental Economies and Management. (31), 219-239. (1996).  Joselow, M.M., Tobias, E., Koehler, R., Coleman, S., Bogden, J., & Gause, D. Manganese Pollution in the City Environment and It’s Relationship to Traffic Density.  Obama moves to let states cap car emissions. Msnbc.com. (2009) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28846202/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28846202/  The Prius Bad For the Environment? HubPages. (2009). http://hubpages.com/hub/Prius http://hubpages.com/hub/Prius  911 Carrera S Technical Specs. Porsche. http://www.porsche.com/usa/models/911/911-carrera- s/featuresandspecs/?gtabindex=7 http://www.porsche.com/usa/models/911/911-carrera- s/featuresandspecs/?gtabindex=7