1. The Brain
Mrs. Cavell
Psychology

2. Are you going to dress up for Halloween on Friday?
Heck yeah…It will be spooktacular!
Yes…I like to show everyone my alter ego!
Not sure…I am shy!
No way…Halloween is for Halloweenies! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 15

3. Early Brain Mapping: Phrenology
By studying the lumps on a person’s skull, early scientists thought that they could map out the brain.
Not accurate
But did lead to the idea of localization of brain functions.

4. The Brainstem

5. Hindbrain Structures Cerebellum Brainstem medulla reticular formation
pons
Discovering psy p 63 fig 2.14

6. Medulla Breathing Heart rate Digestion Other vital reflexes swallowing
coughing
vomiting
sneezing

7. Reticular Formation Network of neurons in the brainstem (and thalamus)
Sleep and arousal
Attention
Myers, Exploring psy 4e Figure 2.10

8. Pons Helps coordinate movements on left and right sides of the body
Helps maintain balance while moving
The bridge between brain and spinal cord
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

9. Cerebellum Word actually means “little brain”
Coordinated, rapid voluntary movements
e.g., playing the piano, kicking, throwing, etc.
Place where procedural memories are kept.
e.g. how to ride a bike, swim
Hockenbury slides

10. Which of the following is not an example of a procedural memory?
Reading a book
Riding a bike
Kicking a soccer ball
Playing the flute
Response 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20

11. Middle Region involved in visual & auditory processing.
Midbrain Structures
Middle Region involved in visual & auditory processing.

12. Forebrain Structures Thalamus Limbic System Cortex
Bloom, Nelson, and Lazerson, Brain, Mind, and Behavior Introduction to the Nervous System
Figure 1.07r

13. Thalamus Relay station in brain
Processes most information to and from higher brain centers
Like the Post Office taking incoming messages and delivering them
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

14. The Limbic System Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus
Discovering Psy p. 67 Fig 2.18

15. Parts of the Limbic System
Amygdala
Emotional Center of the Brain.
Deals primarily with fear & aggression.
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

16. Amygdala and Emotion Identify emotion from facial expressions
Plays a role in fear & aggression
Amygdala damage makes this task difficult
From Hockenbury slides
(click on picture to advance photos)

17. Parts Of The Limbic System
Hippocampus
Helps us form new memories.
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

18. Which part of Clive Wearing’s brain was damaged?
Medulla
Reticular Formation
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Response 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20

19. Parts of the Limbic System
Hypothalamus
Provides us with pleasurable feelings for doing the things that keep our species alive.
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

20. Hypothalamus Involved in: sexual behavior hunger, thirst sleep
water and salt balance
body temperature regulation
circadian rhythms (sleep/wake cycle)
role in hormone secretion
The hypothalamus is made up different subregions or nuclei. These nuclei generally differ in terms of gross anatomy and function.
Sexual behavior: The medial preoptic and medial anterior hypothalamic nuclei of the hypothalamus are heavily involved in mating behaviors of animals. Damage to these areas results in a loss of mating behaviors. Electrical stimulation of these areas (or insertion of sex hormones in these areas) can elicit sexual behaviors.
Hunger: Lesions to the hypothalamus can lead to severe obesity or extreme weight loss, depending upon the region damaged.
Thirst: Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus can cause an animal to start drinking even in animals that have plenty of water in their systems. Neurons in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus are sensitive to changes in the osmolarity of blood. These neurons control the secretion of vasopression, which is more commonly known as "anti-diuretic hormone" or ADH. ADH acts in the kidney to increase fluid retention.
Sleep:
Temperature regulation: Your body tries to keep the same body temperature regardless of how hot or cold it is outside. The hypothalamus helps maintain a constant body temperature. Hypothalamus contains temperature-sensitive neurons. Neurons in the posterior hypothalamus become active when you are cold; whereas, heat activates the anterior hypothalamus. Changes in body temperature can cause the hypothalamus to initiate such behaviors as shivering, hunger, adrenaline secretion and fever to help you get back to the proper body temperature.
Circadian rhythms: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or SCN) of the hypothalamus is thought to be involved in regulating the body's natural 24 hour rhythms.

21. Hypothalamus – Pleasure Center of the Brain
Rat with an electrode implanted in a reward center of its hypothalamus
Rat readily crosses an electrified grid, accepting the painful shocks, to press a lever that sends electrical impulses to its "pleasure centers."
How often did the rat press the lever in an hour?
7,000 times!!! It finally collapsed from exhaustion (Olds 1958)

22. Do you think drug/alcohol addiction is a legitimate disease?
Yes. The rat experiment proved how powerful the hypothalamus is.
Yes, but not sure exactly why it is a disease.
No way! Drugs are a choice! Choose NO!! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20