1. Early Brain Mapping: Phrenology
By studying the lumps on a person’s skull, early scientists thought that they could map out the brain.
Not accurate
But did lead to the idea of localization of brain functions.

2. Older/Lower Level Brain Structures

3. Primitive Parts of Brain
Like the oldest part of a tree is in the center that is then surrounded by newer growth, the older parts of the brain that we share with other animals, are found at the central lower region of the brain.

4. The Brainstem

5. Hindbrain Structures Brainstem Cerebellum medulla reticular formation
pons
Cerebellum
Discovering psy p 63 fig 2.14

6. Medulla Breathing Heart rate Digestion Other vital reflexes swallowing
coughing
vomiting
sneezing

7. Pons Helps coordinate movements on left and right sides of the body
Sends motor info to Cerebellum
e.g., postural reflexes which help you maintain balance while standing or moving
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

8. Thalamus Sensory control center in brain
Sends sensory info to parts of the brain that can understand it
Receives replies back from higher brain areas and sends them to lower level structures
Like the Post Office taking incoming messages and delivering them
_______
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

9. Reticular Formation/Activating System
Network of neurons in the brainstem (and thalamus)
Sleep and arousal
Attention – filters incoming sensory info
Myers, Exploring psy 4e Figure 2.10

10. Cerebellum Word actually means “little brain”
Place where procedural memories are kept.
e.g. how to ride a bike, swim
Coordinated, rapid voluntary movements
e.g., playing the piano, kicking, throwing, etc.
Damage to cerebellum
jerky, exaggerated movements
difficulty walking
loss of balance
Hockenbury slides

11. Midbrain Structures
Middle Region involved in visual & auditory processing.
Early warning system gets you ready for flight or fight

12. Forebrain Structures Thalamus Limbic System Cortex
Bloom, Nelson, and Lazerson, Brain, Mind, and Behavior Introduction to the Nervous System
Figure 1.07r

13. The Limbic System Emotional Center: Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus
Discovering Psy p. 67 Fig 2.18

14. Parts Of The Limbic System
Hippocampus
Helps us form new memories.
What happens when this is damaged?
Remember the video of Clive Wearing & EP?
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

15. Parts of the Limbic System
Amygdala
Fear:
Aggression:
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

16. Amygdala damage makes this task difficult
Amygdala and Emotion
Helps us identify emotion from facial expressions
From Hockenbury slides
(click on picture to advance photos)
Amygdala damage makes this task difficult

17. Parts of the Limbic System
Hypothalamus
Link between the Nervous System & Endocrine System.
Provides us with pleasurable feelings for doing the things that keep our species alive.
Gray, 3e fig 5.6

18. Hypothalamus Involved in the 5 F’s sexual behavior hunger, thirst
1. Food/Thirst,
2. Flight,
3. Fight,
4. Furnace (Temperature)
5. Fornication
sexual behavior
hunger, thirst
sleep
water and salt balance
body temperature regulation
circadian rhythms
role in hormone secretion
The hypothalamus is made up different subregions or nuclei. These nuclei generally differ in terms of gross anatomy and function.
Sexual behavior: The medial preoptic and medial anterior hypothalamic nuclei of the hypothalamus are heavily involved in mating behaviors of animals. Damage to these areas results in a loss of mating behaviors. Electrical stimulation of these areas (or insertion of sex hormones in these areas) can elicit sexual behaviors.
Hunger: Lesions to the hypothalamus can lead to severe obesity or extreme weight loss, depending upon the region damaged.
Thirst: Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus can cause an animal to start drinking even in animals that have plenty of water in their systems. Neurons in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus are sensitive to changes in the osmolarity of blood. These neurons control the secretion of vasopression, which is more commonly known as "anti-diuretic hormone" or ADH. ADH acts in the kidney to increase fluid retention.
Sleep:
Temperature regulation: Your body tries to keep the same body temperature regardless of how hot or cold it is outside. The hypothalamus helps maintain a constant body temperature. Hypothalamus contains temperature-sensitive neurons. Neurons in the posterior hypothalamus become active when you are cold; whereas, heat activates the anterior hypothalamus. Changes in body temperature can cause the hypothalamus to initiate such behaviors as shivering, hunger, adrenaline secretion and fever to help you get back to the proper body temperature.
Circadian rhythms: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or SCN) of the hypothalamus is thought to be involved in regulating the body's natural 24 hour rhythms.

19. Hypothalamus – Pleasure Center of the Brain
Rat with an electrode implanted in a reward center of its hypothalamus, See some actual footage of this.
Rat readily crosses an electrified grid, accepting the painful shocks, to press a lever that sends electrical impulses to its "pleasure centers."
How often did the rat press the lever in an hour?
7,000 times!!! It finally collapsed from exhaustion (Olds 1958)

20. Hypothalamus and Hormones The Feedback Loop
Feedback Loop lets brain know when to start & stop secreting hormones
Hypothalamus tells pituitary gland to send messages to other glands to release their hormones.
Once hormones are released, hypothalamus registers this and sends message to pituitary gland to send continue or stop message out to glands.
Gray, psychology 3e fig 5.27

21. DAILY
DOUBLE

22. What are the 5 F’s that the Hypothalamus influences?
Food/Thirst
Flight
Fight
Furnace – Body temperature
Fornication