2. POSITION & SHAPE It is stalk like in shape. It connects the narrow spinal cord with the expanded fore brain. It is stalk like in shape. It connects the narrow spinal cord with the expanded fore brain. It occupies the posterior cranial fossa of the skull against the basal portion of the occipital bone. It occupies the posterior cranial fossa of the skull against the basal portion of the occipital bone. It is largely covered by the cerebellum. It is largely covered by the cerebellum.

3. PARTS It is made up of: Medulla oblongata. It is made up of: Medulla oblongata. Pons. Pons. Midbrain. Midbrain.

4. FUNCTIONS (1) A conduit for the ascending and descending tracts connecting the spinal cord to the higher centers in the forebrain. (1) A conduit for the ascending and descending tracts connecting the spinal cord to the higher centers in the forebrain. (2) It contains the important cranial nerve nuclei (111- x11). (2) It contains the important cranial nerve nuclei (111- x11).

5. FUNCTIONS (3) It contains important reflex centers that control respiration and cardiovascular systems. (3) It contains important reflex centers that control respiration and cardiovascular systems. (4) It controls over the level of consciousness through the reticular formation. (4) It controls over the level of consciousness through the reticular formation.

6. CLINICAL NOMENCLATURE It is named BULB. It is named BULB. The entering fibers are Cortico Bulbar. The entering fibers are Cortico Bulbar. The syndromes associated with the medulla are pseudo Bulbar palsy and Bulbar palsy. The syndromes associated with the medulla are pseudo Bulbar palsy and Bulbar palsy.

7. VENTRAL ASPECT OF THE MEDULLA It is divided by the ventral median fissure into two halves. It is divided by the ventral median fissure into two halves. Each half has the following features: Each half has the following features:

8. PYRAMID It is a longitudinal elevation along the side of the fissure. It is a longitudinal elevation along the side of the fissure. The pyramids are composed of bundles of nerve fibers (Corticospinal) that originate from large nerve cells in the cerebral cortex. The pyramids are composed of bundles of nerve fibers (Corticospinal) that originate from large nerve cells in the cerebral cortex.

9. PYRAMID The pyramids taper inferiorly where the majority of the descending fibers (75- 90%) cross over to the opposite side forming the Decussation of the pyramids. The pyramids taper inferiorly where the majority of the descending fibers (75- 90%) cross over to the opposite side forming the Decussation of the pyramids. This partially obscures the ventral fissure. This partially obscures the ventral fissure.

10. OLIVE It is an oval elevation lateral to the upper part of the pyramid. It is produced by the underlying Inferior Olivary Nucleus (which is connected to the cerebellum) It is important in the control of movement.

11. ROOTLETS OF CRANIAL NERVES A. hypoglossal (12 TH) nerve. It emerges between the pyramid and olive. A. hypoglossal (12 TH) nerve. It emerges between the pyramid and olive. B. Glossopharyngeal, Vagus and cranial part of the Acessory (9, 10 and11 TH) nerves. B. Glossopharyngeal, Vagus and cranial part of the Acessory (9, 10 and11 TH) nerves. They emerge in the groove between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle. They emerge in the groove between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

12. PONS It has a median groove (basilar sulcus) which lodges the basilar artery. It has a median groove (basilar sulcus) which lodges the basilar artery. Its anterior surface is convex from side to side and shows many transverse Pontocerebellar fibers which are collected laterally to form the Middle Cerebellar Peduncles. Its anterior surface is convex from side to side and shows many transverse Pontocerebellar fibers which are collected laterally to form the Middle Cerebellar Peduncles.

13. PONS Four cranial nerves are attached to its anterior surface. Four cranial nerves are attached to its anterior surface. 1. Trigeminal (5 th ) nerve: 1. Trigeminal (5 th ) nerve: It is attached to the side of the pons near its upper border by two roots. It is attached to the side of the pons near its upper border by two roots. A large sensory and a small motor. The motor root is located antero medial to the sensory root. A large sensory and a small motor. The motor root is located antero medial to the sensory root.

14. PONS 2. Abducent (6 th ) nerve : 2. Abducent (6 th ) nerve : It is located in the groove between the lower border of the pons and the pyramid. It is located in the groove between the lower border of the pons and the pyramid.

15. PONS 3. Facial (7 th ) nerve : 3. Facial (7 th ) nerve : It is found between the lower border of the pons and the inferior cerebellar peduncle. It is found between the lower border of the pons and the inferior cerebellar peduncle. 4. Vestibulo cochlear (8 th ) nerve : 4. Vestibulo cochlear (8 th ) nerve : It is lateral to the facial. The vestibular nerve is anterior and the cochlear nerve is posterior. It is lateral to the facial. The vestibular nerve is anterior and the cochlear nerve is posterior.

16. MID BRAIN It is formed by the It is formed by the Massive Basis Pedunculi (Crura Cerebri). Massive Basis Pedunculi (Crura Cerebri). The crura are formed by the descending Corticobulbar and Corticospinal fibers. The crura are formed by the descending Corticobulbar and Corticospinal fibers. The cerebral peduncles are separated by the Interpeduncular Fossa. The cerebral peduncles are separated by the Interpeduncular Fossa.

17. Interpeduncular Fossa. Boundaries: Boundaries: Inferiorly :pons. Inferiorly :pons. Anteriorly :optic chiasma. Anteriorly :optic chiasma. Laterally: optic tracts. Laterally: optic tracts. Posterolaterally: cerebral peduncles. Posterolaterally: cerebral peduncles.

18. MID BRAIN Oculo motor (3 rd ) nerve : Oculo motor (3 rd ) nerve : Emerges through a groove at the medial sides of the cerebral peduncles. Emerges through a groove at the medial sides of the cerebral peduncles.

19. DORSAL SURFACE OF THE MEDULLA Closed medulla Closed medulla It is the continuation of the posterior surface of the spinal cord. It is the continuation of the posterior surface of the spinal cord. It is divided by the posterior median sulcus into two halves. It is divided by the posterior median sulcus into two halves. Each half has the following features: Each half has the following features:

20. LOWER MEDULLA A. GRACILE tract: A. GRACILE tract: It is a longitudinal column on both sides of the median sulcus. It is a longitudinal column on both sides of the median sulcus. It expands superiorly where it ends in the Gracile Tubercle (produced by the Gracile Nucleus). It expands superiorly where it ends in the Gracile Tubercle (produced by the Gracile Nucleus).

21. LOWER MEDULLA B. CUNATE tract and tubercle : B. CUNATE tract and tubercle : Are lateral to the gracile tract and tubercle respectively. Are lateral to the gracile tract and tubercle respectively.

22. OPEN MEDULLA It forms the lower third of the floor of the fourth ventricle. It forms the lower third of the floor of the fourth ventricle. It is divided by the median sulcus into two halves. It is divided by the median sulcus into two halves. Each half has an inverted (v) shaped depression (Inferior Fovea). Each half has an inverted (v) shaped depression (Inferior Fovea). It separates the motor from the sensory nuclei It separates the motor from the sensory nuclei

23. OPEN MEDULLA Medial : the hypoglossal nucleus. Medial : the hypoglossal nucleus. Lateral : the vestibular nerve nucleus. Lateral : the vestibular nerve nucleus. At the fovea : the nuclear complex of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. At the fovea : the nuclear complex of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

24. PONS It is hidden by the cerebellum. It is hidden by the cerebellum. It forms the upper two thirds of the floor of the fourth ventricle. It forms the upper two thirds of the floor of the fourth ventricle. It is widest at the pontomedullary junction. It is widest at the pontomedullary junction. At this point, the lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka) is found to allow passage of CSF from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space around the brain. At this point, the lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka) is found to allow passage of CSF from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space around the brain.

25. PONS The posterior surface is limited laterally by the superior cerebellar peduncles and divided into symmetrical halves by the median sulcus.Lateral to the sulcus is an elongated elevation (Medial Eminence). The posterior surface is limited laterally by the superior cerebellar peduncles and divided into symmetrical halves by the median sulcus.Lateral to the sulcus is an elongated elevation (Medial Eminence). Its inferior end is expanded to form the Facial Colliculus produced by the fibers of the facial nerve winding around the nucleus of the abducent nerve. Its inferior end is expanded to form the Facial Colliculus produced by the fibers of the facial nerve winding around the nucleus of the abducent nerve.

26. PONS Lateral to the medial eminence is the vestibular area produced by the underlying vestibular nuclei. Lateral to the medial eminence is the vestibular area produced by the underlying vestibular nuclei.

27. MID BRAIN It has four Colliculi (Corpora Quadregimina) which are rounded eminences that are divided into superior and inferior pairs. It has four Colliculi (Corpora Quadregimina) which are rounded eminences that are divided into superior and inferior pairs. Superior Colliculi: centers for visual reflexes. Superior Colliculi: centers for visual reflexes. Inferior Colliculi: lower auditory centers. Inferior Colliculi: lower auditory centers.

28. MID BRAIN Trochlear nerve (the only cranial nerve that can be identified in the dorsal aspect) Trochlear nerve (the only cranial nerve that can be identified in the dorsal aspect) It emerges in the midline immediately caudal to the inferior colliculi. It emerges in the midline immediately caudal to the inferior colliculi. The cerebral aqueduct traverses through the length of the mid brain. The cerebral aqueduct traverses through the length of the mid brain.

29. CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES The superior and The superior and inferior peduncles appear on the dorsal aspect of the brain stem. inferior peduncles appear on the dorsal aspect of the brain stem. They form the lateral walls of the upper part of the floor of the 4 th ventricle. They form the lateral walls of the upper part of the floor of the 4 th ventricle. They connect the mid brain and medulla to the cerebellum respectively. They connect the mid brain and medulla to the cerebellum respectively.

30. LATERAL ASPECT OF THE BRAIN STEM The middle cerebellar peduncle can be distinguished on the ventral, dorsal and lateral aspects of the brain stem. The middle cerebellar peduncle can be distinguished on the ventral, dorsal and lateral aspects of the brain stem.