1. What does a Nervous System do for you?
Detect (sense) changes in the environment (light, sound, smell, taste, touch, heat)
Detect (sense) changes in the internal environment (blood pressure, blood chemistry, temperature, etc.)
Integrate and evaluate sensory information
Plan, problem-solve, predict
Store and retrieve information (memory)
Control contractions of skeletal muscles (movements / behavior)
Control internal glands, muscles (heart rate, hormone secretions, metabolism)

2. The Nervous System Organization
Central Nervous System
- completely surrounded by bone
- suspended in cerebrospinal fluid
- covered by meninges
- protected by “blood-brain barrier”
Peripheral Nervous System
- nerves leaving and entering the CNS
- motor nerves = control muscles and glands
- sensory nerves = transmit information to the CNS from sensory receptors.
- cranial nerves (bottom of brain) and spinal nerves (from spinal cord) are the foundation from which all other peripheral nerves emerge.

3. Nervous System showing spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord
Small segment of spinal cord
Showing two pairs of spinal nerves
There are 31 pairs all together.
Spinal Cord Functions
1. receive sensory input from receptors
2. provide motor output to muscles and glands.
3. coordinate reflexes
4. ascending and descending tracts

4. How the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems Interact

5. Terminology Associated with the Nervous System
Neuron:
Neuroglia (Glial cells):
Nerve:
Ganglion: Nucleus:
Central Nervous System: Peripheral Nervous System:
Somatic: Autonomic:
Sensory (Afferent): Efferent (motor):

8. The Brain Has a Rich and Complex Blood Supply
That Provides the Nerve Tissue with Oxygen and
Nutrients While Removing Caron Dioxide and Wastes

9. Ventricles of the Brain Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid
That Buoys the Brain and Provides Nutrients and Cushioning
Lateral
(There are two)
aqueduct
3rd
4th

10. Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone

13. Central Sulcus
Gyrus (ridge)
Sulcus (groove)
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
cerebellum

14. Central Sulcus
cerebrum
Gyrus (ridge)
Sulcus
(groove)
Transverse
Fissure
Lateral Fissure
Pons
cerebellum
Medulla oblongata

15. Post-Central Gyrus Pre-Central Gyrus Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe
Sommatosensory cortex
Pre-Central Gyrus
Sommatomotor cortex
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

17. Somatomotor Area
Somatosensory Area
Sensory -
“Wernike’s Area
Primary Visual Area
Moror Speech
“Broca’s Area”
Audotory Area

19. Three Dimensional Somatosensory Homunculus

20. Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Caudate Nucleus
Lentiform Nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic Nucleus

24. Limbic System
Cingulate gyrus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

25. Location of Thalamus Relative to Basal Nuclei (ganglia)

30. Cerebral cortex (gray matter)
Corpus callosum
Basal nuclei
Basal nuclei
thalamus
thalamus
Basal nuclei
Basal nuclei
Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
Midbrain
pons

31. Basal nuclei
Thalamus

34. Corpus Callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pons
Midbrain
Medulla oblongata

35. Gray matter (cortex)
White Matter
Thalamus
Projection fibers

36. Ascending and
Descending tracts

37. Superior View Horizontal Sections of Brain
Transverse = a section that cuts the body into “top” (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions.

41. Longitudinal fissure
Central sulcus

42. Commissural fibers
Lateral
Ventricles
Thalamus
Association fibers

45. Olfactory bulb
Optic Chiasma
Infundibulum
Optic nerve
Mammillary body
pons
Medulla oblongata
cerebellum

47. Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum
Mammillary body

48. Inferior View of Brain and Cranial Nerves

52. Nervous System showing spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord
Small segment of spinal cord
Showing two pairs of spinal nerves
There are 31 pairs all together.
Spinal Cord Functions
1. receive sensory input from receptors
2. provide motor output to muscles and glands.
3. coordinate reflexes
4. ascending and descending tracts

53. Spinal Cord
cervical swelling
Spinal Nerves
Nerve Plexes
lumbar swelling
Cauda Equina

56. Spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Cauda equina

57. Spinal nerve
Dorsal root ganglion

59. Dorsal Root Ganglia
Nerve roots
Spinal nerve

60. Spinal Cord
Transverse Section

62. Dorsal Root ganglion Dorsal Root Ventral Root
Dorsal Horn
Lateral Horn
Ventral Horn

63. Location of spinal cord inside canal of vertebra
Gray Matter
Spinal Nerve
White Matter
Body of Vertebra

64. White matter
Dorsal root ganglion
Ventral root
Gray matter
Dorsal root

65. Organization of the Spinal Cord
dorsal root
Sensory neuron cell body
Dorsal root ganglion
sensory
Spinal nerve
motor
Ventral root
From Receptor
Motor neuron cell body
To Effector

66. Simple Knee Jerk Reflex Coordinated by the Spinal Cord
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Sensory neuron
Quadriceps muscle
Motor neuron
Ventral root

67. Withdrawal Reflex
interneuron

68. Ascending Tracts Descending tracts

69. Detail of Retina
Eye
Optic Nerve
Light
Rods and cones

70. Optic
Chiasma
Geniculate
Nucleus
Right Visual Field
Primary Visual Cortex
Left Visual Field
Thalamus