1. Ethics in Sports Racial Equity By: Jeffry Breitbach & Kyle Conzett

2. Racism Definition  Racism- is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of one particular race over others.

3. Racial Equity Background  Discriminatory practices and written and unwritten agreements prevented African Americans from competing against and with the supposed white dominant Caucasian race.  White males dominated sport because of moral ignorance supported by racist education and social systems.  Most whites accepted and acted upon the belief that everyone else was inherently inferior and undeserving of equitable treatment.

4. Racial Equity Background  Ethical concerns emerged because of discriminatory treatment based on preconceived ideas, unfounded prejudices, and widespread biases.  Most white sport leaders and athletes simply refused to allow African Americans, and sometimes other minorities, to join their leagues.  When a few tried to break these barriers, they were verbally and physically assaulted.  African Americans formed separate teams and competed among themselves.

5. Racial Injustices in Sport: Past & Present  Historical Perspective of Racial Inequity in Sport  From Exclusion to Opportunities Limited by Economic Realities  School Segregation Gives Way to Integration  Integration of Intercollegiate Sport  Professional Sport  Societal Attitudes

6. Historical Perspective of Racial Inequity in Sport  Unheard of African American super stars: - Paul Robeson (Football) - Ora Washington (Tennis & Basketball) - Josh Gibson (Baseball)  To most whites, these African American athletes were ignored or even worse.

7. Class Discussion Question  Did the exclusion of African Americans from all levels of sport violate any moral values?  Did white sport leaders fail to reason morally and thus act in unethical manner?

8. From Exclusion to Opportunities Limited by Economic Realities  Lack of financial resources many African Americans never got the chance to play golf, to swim, to play tennis, or compete in other similar activities.  Even in recent decades, few African American children are members of swimming, tennis, and golf clubs or gymnastics teams.  Notable exceptions: - Tiger Woods - Arthur Ashe

9. School Segregation Gives Way to Integration  Civil Rights Legislation 1960s, segregated schools became illegal.  Due to integration many African American coaches lost their jobs, while almost all white coaches retained their positions.

10. Remember the Titans  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZVD BDzQoBE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZVD BDzQoBE

11. Class Discussion Questions  Would a more reasoned approach have been to promote cultural diversity by placing students of all races in both former all-white and all-black schools, rather than usually uprooting African American students?  Today, many football and basketball teams have a much higher percentage of African Americans that do the schools student bodies. What are the ethical issues associated with this phenomenon?

12. Integration of Intercollegiate Sport  Occasionally in the past when African Americans did get to play on the Northern athletic teams:  Suffered mistreatment from teammates  Segregated sleeping and eating quarters  Endured physical and verbal abuse  Did not get to play when Southern teams refused to play against them.

13. Integration of Intercollegiate Sport Examples

14. Johnny Bright Incident

19. Integration of Intercollegiate Sport Examples  Johnny Bright  Quarterback for Drake University  Mitchell Tatum  Halfback for Midwestern University  Music Major  Conference Record 1,572 yards  Dr. Cooper – Music Director at the famed Southern College

20. Professional Sport  In the past African Americans often lived and ate together, socially segregated from their white teammates.  Until recently African Americans could not expect to receive endorsements. (Michael Jordan & Tiger Woods)  For decades, African Americans were not expected to be hired as coaches and administrators in professional sport.

21. Professional Sport  African Americans today comprise for 65% of football athletes and 15% of baseball.  Proportionately fewer substitutes of color ride the bench.  Many African Americans receive lower salaries than comparably skilled white athletes.

22. Class Discussion Question  How can moral knowing and moral valuing bring about greater equity in sport for African Americans?

23. Societal Attitude  Socioeconomic status determines sport choice  Gradually African Americans achieved equal status  Today athletic talent counts  The key to equity is education

24. Separate but Equal  was a policy enacted into law throughout the U.S. Southern states during the period of segregation  It stated that African-Americans and European-Americans would receive the same services (schools, hospitals, water fountains, bathrooms, etc.), but that there would be distinct facilities for each race.  Due to racist attitudes, however, the facilities were, in fact, unequal, with poorer facilities being allotted to Blacks than to Whites.

25. Are Organizational Policies Affecting African Americans Disproportionately?  No Pass, No Play  Students raised in disadvantaged circumstances educational encouragement or proper learning materials.  This can cause students to fall behind academically.  NCAA mandates 68 cumulative ACT score and 2.5 GPA to be eligible for grants.

26. Are Organizational Policies Affecting African Americans Disproportionately?  Some African American coaches have protested that these academic requirements discriminate against people of color.  College presidents and athletic administrators claim that higher standards have been enacted to improve the image and integrity of intercollegiate athletics, not to discriminate against African Americans.

27. Class Discussion Questions  Do you support one side or another about the academic requirement policies?  When athletes are given grades to maintain eligibility are they being deprived on an adequate education?  Are they being taught to value athletics more than education?  Are they being taught dishonesty?

28. Role Models  99% of high school athletes never become pros  Within 3 to 5 years they are without a job  Importance of role models start at young age  Students choose role models in same sport

29. Stacking  Stacking (position allocation) - is the practice of concentrating members of certain racial groups in certain positions, on and off the field.  1)racist stereotypes  2)racial discrimination  3)economic assumptions  4)self-selection  5)emulate historically successful athletes  6)residual prejudicial attitude

30. Quota System  Only a limited number of minorities could play at one time.  This has restricted opportunities for minorities at all levels of sporting.

31. Class Discussion Question  Have coaches that have tried to persuade players into certain athletic roles based on color treated these athletes dishonestly?

32. African American Athletes as Portrayed in the Media  Hank Aaron  Bill Russell  Arthur Ashe  Cam Newton

33. Native Americans as Portrayed in the Media  Washington Redskins  Braves  Sioux  Who determines what is racist?

34. Myths  African Americans are physiologically superior.  African Americans are intellectually inferior thus not qualified for coaching or team management positions.  African American athletes use sport as a vehicle for upward mobility.  African American athletes are treated as equals of their white teammates.  African American athletes have the ability to play only reactive, rather than decision-making or leadership positions.

35. African Americans are physiologically superior  In reality the research is inconclusive  Knowledgeable people continue to disagree about finding in related subject matter.

36. African Americans are intellectually inferior thus not qualified for coaching or team management positions  Many African American coaches today thrive and are successful (Lovie Smith, Mike Tomlin, etc.)  “good old boys” network led to hiring of coaches, scouts, and general managers of similar ethnic and social backgrounds.  This may have been due to comfort in hiring someone like themselves, rather than someone unknown and unsimilar.

37. African American athletes use sport as a vehicle for upward mobility  1 : 1,000,000 chance of becoming a professional athlete.  Of this small % these athletes average less than a five year career.  Chasing elusive media superstardom leaves to many of today’s youth squandering education opportunities.

38. African American athletes are treated as equals of their white teammates  African Americans on average:  Earn lower salaries  Receive fewer and smaller endorsements  Receive less media exposure  Seldom are retained if are marginal players

39. African American athletes have the ability to play only reactive, rather than decision-making or leadership positions  Lack of moral valuing has retarded opportunities to develop the leadership skills needs to play certain positions (i.e. quarterback, catcher).  With this being said African American have demonstrated the skills required to play every position in sports such as football, basketball, and baseball.