1. Mexico’s History How did conquest, conflict, and cooperation lead to the creation of a modern democratic Mexico?

2. A. 3 Eras of Mexican History ?BC – 1492 AD 1492-18211821-today Pre-Columbian Civilizations Colonial Era of Spanish Rule Independence

3. B. Pre-Columbian Era – The Aztecs 1. Aztecs – 1200s-1500s AD 2. Civilization of great military strength; life centered on warfare with other tribes 3. Built floating gardens for agriculture using fertile mud to grow crops

4. C. Colonial Era of Spanish Rule 1492-1821 1. Beginning with Columbus, Spain began to invade, conquer, and colonize Latin America, including Mexico 2. They brought - - guns- diseases - guns- diseases - government- steel - government- steel - Christianity- language - Christianity- language All which the Americans were unprepared for. All which the Americans were unprepared for.

5. D. Direct Cause and Effect of Colonial Era of Spanish Rule Cause Spanish forced Americans to change language and religion Spanish forced Americans to change language and religion Spanish forced Americans to work on farms and in mines Spanish forced Americans to work on farms and in mines Spanish didn’t know they brought new diseases Spanish didn’t know they brought new diseasesEffect Most people in Mexico are Christian and speak Spanish Most people in Mexico are Christian and speak Spanish Many refused and were killed, or worked to death Many refused and were killed, or worked to death Within 100 years, 90% of Natives in Latin America were dead Within 100 years, 90% of Natives in Latin America were dead

6. E. A Multicultural Society peninsulares - peninsulares - The ruling class were Spanish officials who were born in Spain. criollos - people who were born in Mexico but whose parents were born in Spain. mestizo - a person who is of Spanish and Native American ancestry indios – Native Americans Slaves - imported from Africa were not considered a part of society

8. F. Mexican Independence from Spain 1800-1821 Cause USA declares its independence, France ends it monarchy USA declares its independence, France ends it monarchy Encomiendas farming system makes the peninsulares rich Encomiendas farming system makes the peninsulares rich Father Miguel Hidalgo rings church bells and gives inspiring speech Father Miguel Hidalgo rings church bells and gives inspiring speechEffect Mexicans read and hear about independence in other lands Mexicans read and hear about independence in other lands Most lower classes of Mexicans are poor and without land Most lower classes of Mexicans are poor and without land Many Mexican farmers take up weapons to fight against the Spanish ruling class Many Mexican farmers take up weapons to fight against the Spanish ruling class

9. G. “Grito de Dolores” Sequencing 1. Spanish government put down Hidalgo’s farmer rebellion in 1810 2. Soon, more and more criollos, meztizos, and indios joined the fight 3. Spain lost control of Mexico and left, and Mexicans gained their independence in 1821

10. H. Struggles with Independence Years Forms of Government 1500s-1821 Spanish Monarchy – Mexico existed to benefit Spain 1821-1917 Republic, but corrupt military dictators took over and ignored people’s rights 1917-present New constitution protects land and labor rights of citizens

11. I. War outside of Mexico… 1. Mexico had conflicts with Native Americans in the north, TX, & the USA 2. Mexico fought a war with the USA over Texas and the southwest and lost in 1846. 3. The USA gains much of Mexico’s northern lands through the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo (1848)

12. J. …And War Inside of Mexico Cause After independence, army leader take over government After independence, army leader take over government France tries to overtake the government and puts in a dictator France tries to overtake the government and puts in a dictator By 1910, only 800 families in Mexico owned 90% of the land; 2/3 of Mexicans owned no land By 1910, only 800 families in Mexico owned 90% of the land; 2/3 of Mexicans owned no landEffect Few people enjoyed wealth, while many suffered in poverty Few people enjoyed wealth, while many suffered in poverty Mexicans overthrow this government, but other corrupt leaders fill in Mexicans overthrow this government, but other corrupt leaders fill in Mexican peasants and farmers rebel in the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920. Mexican peasants and farmers rebel in the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920.

13. K. Mexican Revolution People and Events Who & What they are 1. Fransisco Madero Early leader of revolution, later became president. 2. Poncho Villa Famous leader of the revolution in the north 3. Emiliano Zapata Legendary fighter for farmer’s rights. 4. Constitution of 1917 New document promised to distribute the land more equally among the people