2. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

3. You never start with the best story… He told his friends that he purposed washing his hands utterly of public life and political affairs; that he had now been to all intents and purposes a public servant from the age of thirteen to that of threescore and ten … that he had lived his whole life in plain sight of the public and the people, hiding nothing, simulating nothing, confessing nothing, extenuating nothing and regretting nothing — except that he could never get a chance to shoot Clay or hang Calhoun. Calhoun was his VP from 1829-1932

4. Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

6. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

7. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

8. Campaigning “ on the Stump ”

9. Why Increased Democratization? 3 White male suffrage increased 3 Party nominating committees. 3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.  Spoils system:  Spoils system: system, which allowed men to buy their way into office. This resulted in a very corrupt governmental office 3 Rise of Third Parties. 3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) 3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:  Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)  Democrats (1828)

11. Jackson ’ s First Hermitage Residence

12. First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

13. General Jackson During the Seminole Wars

15. The “ Common Man ’ s ” Presidential Candidate

16. Jackson ’ s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] John C. Calhoun [SC] William H. Crawford [GA]

17. Results of the 1824 Election A “ Corrupt Bargain? ”

19. Opposition to John Quincy Adams 3 Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites. 3 Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds.  Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.  A national university.  An astronomical observatory.  A naval academy. 3 Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a mighty nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.

22. Tariff Battles 3 Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles. 3 Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports. 3 Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].  Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.  The South alone was adamantly against it.  As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.  They were negatively impacted  American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

23. Votes in the House for the “ Tariff of Abomination ”

24. Land & Indian Policies 3 John Quincy Adams:  His land policies gave westerners another reason to dislike him.  He attempted to curb speculation for public lands  his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!  He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers.  1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA. The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. Congress sided with the governor of GA. Congress sided with the governor of GA.

25. The 1828 Election 3 Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NY  He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:  Northern farmers and artisans.  Southern slave owners.  Farmers with small land holdings.  He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:  Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units.  Mass meetings, parades, picnics.  A lot of political mudslinging on both sides (Rachel Jackson).

26. Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree Rachel Donelson Jackson was born in Virginia in 1767. At the age of twelve, her family moved to Tennessee In 1784, at the age of seventeen, but her husband was extremely jealous so in 1790 Rachel left him and he filed for a divorce. (She thought) One year later, Rachel met Andrew Jackson while he was working for her mother back in Tennessee. In 1791 they wedded. After two years, Andrew and Rachel caught wind that Lewis had never actually finalized divorce. When the divorce was finally finalized, Jackson remarried Rachel quietly in 1794. The couples reputation seemed to be forever tarnished, and the whispers followed about the adultery and bigamy. These rumors followed Andrew Jackson as his career advanced both in politics and war. No matter how bad the rumors were, Andrew always stayed by his wife and defended her. In 1806 Jackson killed a man for insulting his wife (the Man also accused Jackson of cheating in a horse race)

27. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife The couples reputation seemed to be forever tarnished, and the whispers followed about the adultery and bigamy. These rumors followed Andrew Jackson as his career advanced both in politics and war. No matter how bad the rumors were, Andrew always stayed by his wife and defended her. In 1806 Jackson killed a man for insulting his wife (the Man also accused Jackson of cheating in a horse race) Jackson carried a bullet in his chest till the day he died from this duel Rachel died on Dec 22 nd 1828, days after Jackson had been elected, but before his inauguration

28. 1828 Election Results

29. The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

30. The New “ Jackson Coalition ” 3 The Planter Elite in the South 3 People on the Frontier 3 Artisans [competition from factory labor]. 3 State Politicians  spoils system  To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY] 3 Immigrants in the cities.

31. Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his Supporters

32. Jackson ’ s Faith in the “ Common Man ” 3I3I3I3Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. 3H3H3H3His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.” 3B3B3B3Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

33. The Reign of “ King Mob ” Over 21,000 members of the public attended Jackson’s inauguration The White House was opened to all for a post- inaugural reception, and was filled by the public even before Jackson arrived on horseback. Soon afterward, Jackson left by a window or a side entrance, and proceeded to Gadsby's Hotel in Old Town Alexandria, Virginia. (To prepare for the inauguration ball) The crowd continued to descend into a drunken mob, only dispersed when bowls of liquor and punch were placed on the front lawn of the White House. "I never saw such a mixture," said Joseph Story, then a justice on the Supreme Court: "The reign of King Mob seemed triumphant.“ The White House was left a mess, including several thousand dollars worth of broken china

34. Andrew Jackson as President

35. The “ Peggy Eaton Affair ” (Petticoat Affair) Senator John Eaton, a close friend of Jackson, had married the widowed daughter of a Washington innkeeper, Margaret (Peggy) O’Neill. Rumors circulated that O’Neill and Eaton had had an affair prior to her husband’s death. The Cabinet wives, led by Mrs. John C. Calhoun, were scandalized and refused to attend events when she was present. Jackson was reminded of how people treated Rachel He resented Calhoun’s inability to control his wife and was disappointed when Martin Van Buren alone among the Cabinet officers defended the Eatons. In 1831, Eaton and Van Buren resigned their offices, putting pressure on the other members to do likewise. These resignations gave Jackson the opportunity to appoint people loyal to him

37. The Webster-Hayne Debate Sen. Daniel Webster [MA] Sen. Robert Hayne [SC] Regarding protectionist tariffs Heated speeches between Webster and Hayne were unplanned and stemmed from debate (over a resolution by Connecticut Senator Samuel Foote) calling for the temporary suspension of further land surveying until land already on the market was sold January 19-27, 1830

38. 18301830 Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

39. Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads to Despotism

40. 1832 Tariff Another protectionist tariff in the United States. A reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828 Still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners and other groups hurt by high tariff rates. Southern opposition to this tariff and its predecessor, the Tariff of Abominations, caused the Nullification Crisis South Carolina…. It’s always South Carolina

41. 1832 Tariff Conflict 3 1832 --> new tariff 3 South Carolina’s reaction? 3 Nullification 3 Jackson’s response? 3 Like H*** you will 3 Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff? 3 Shut up Shut up Shut up  Jackson

42. Clays Sews Up Jackson ’ s Mouth (1834) CLAY Henry Clay came up with a compromise to avoid any conflict or disunion. He proposed that they would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years. By 1842 the rates would be back at the mildly protective level of 1816. Compromise Tariff of 1833 went through Congress JACKSON President Jackson presented his response arguing that the justification for state nullification of federal laws was misguided, unconstitutional, and treasonous to the country. Stated “disunion, by force, is treason,“ & made an emotional appeal for these people to see the error of their position. His address ends with a hope that the nation will survive

44. Indian Removal 3 1830  Indian Removal Act 3 Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * Cherokee sued GA because the state had declared all Cherokee laws void. Marshall and the Supreme Court ruled that Cherokees could not sue because they were not a foreign nation nor real citizens * “domestic dependent nation” 3 Worcester v. GA (1832) * the court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country. * the court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country. * Marshall claimed only the federal govt. could do that. * Marshall claimed only the federal govt. could do that. * tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity. * tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity. * He stated Federal Rights, but also explained the rights of * He stated Federal Rights, but also explained the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of state gov’t the tribes to remain free from the authority of state gov’t

45. The Cherokee Nation After 1820 Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

46. Indian Removal

47. The Grand National Caravan Moving West

48. Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

49. Jackson ’ s Professed “ Love ” for Native Americans

51. Jackson ’ s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay] Reasons for Veto 1. Hated Clay 2. NY & PA paid for their own roads (MVB) 3. Strict interpretation of the Constitution

52. The National Bank Debate Nicholas Biddle Nicholas Biddle [an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia] President Jackson

53. Opposition to the 2 nd B.U.S. “Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ 3s3s3s3state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. 3s3s3s3supported rapid economic growth & speculation. 3f3f3f3felt that coin was the only safe currency. 3d3d3d3didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. 3s3s3s3suspicious of expansion & speculation.

54. The “ Monster ” Is Destroyed! 3 “Pet Banks” 3 1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 nd National Bank of the United States. 3 1836  the charter expired. 3 1841  the bank went bankrupt!

55. The Downfall of “ Mother Bank ”

56. The Bank & the 1832 Election 3 Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!  Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.  Jackson refused to sign the bill to re- charter.  The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!  Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.  BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!

57. An 1832 Cartoon: “ King Andrew ” ? An 1832 Cartoon: “ King Andrew ” ?

58. Positions on the Key Issues of 1832 WHIGSWHIGSDEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Opposes Indian removal. Opposes Indian removal. Favored tariffs. Favored tariffs. Supported a National Bank. Supported a National Bank. Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Govt. should have a hands- off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. Govt. should have a hands- off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. For Indian removal. For Indian removal. Oppose tariffs. Oppose tariffs. States’ rights. States’ rights. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Opposed the National Bank. Opposed the National Bank.

59. 1832 Election Results

60. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

61. The Specie Circular (1836) 3 Speculators created “wildcat banks” that fueled the runaway inflation. 3 So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver.  This move shocked the system. 3 Jackson’s goal  to curb the land speculation.

62. Results of the Specie Circular $Banknotes loose their value. $Land sales plummeted. $Credit not available. $Businesses began to fail. $Cotton loses its’ value $Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837! The Panic of 1837!

63. The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!

64. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly! US Banks start to default on loans to the British British banks start to call in foreign loans to try and get as much money as they can This triggers a series of bank failures

65. Andrew Jackson in Retirement Jackson “retires” after leaving the White House, but still supported the idea for the annexation of TX. As his health failed he stayed at the Hermitage.

66. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death) 1767 - 1845