1. Cell Metabolism and Product Formation

2. Metabolic pathways catabolismanabolism proteins, carbohydrates lipids, nucleic acids glucose CO 2, H 2 O, energy intermediates glucose + energy amino acids, sugars fatty acids, nucleic acids amino acids, sugars fatty acids, nucleic acids proteins, carbohydrates lipids, nucleic acids

3. Energy storage in cell adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ATP + H 2 O ADP + P i ∆G o = -7.3 kcal/mol ADP + H 2 O AMP + P i ∆G o = -7.3 kcal/mol

4. Glycolysis via Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas (EMP) pathway EMP pathway glucose pyruvic acid + ATP CO 2 + H 2 O + NADH + e - Krebs, tricarboxylic acid, citric acid cycle water + ATP electron transport chain, respiration O2O2

5. Important coenzymes

6. Oxidation Reduction reactions (redox)

7. EMP Pathway

8. Overall reaction in glycolysis glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD + + 2 P i 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + H + net yield is 2 mol ATP/mol glucose

9. acetyl-CoA + 3NAD + + FAD + ADP + P i + 2H 2 O CoA + 3(NADH+H + ) + FADH 2 + ATP + 2CO 2 TCA cycle

10. ATP ADP ATP ADP ATP Cyt bCyt cCyt aCyt a 3 *2H + protons and electrons electrons (negative  positive e - potential) 1.14V reduction potential Respiration: Electron transport chain, O 2 as terminal electron acceptor Theoretically: 4 ATP/2H + + 2e - Eucaryotes: Typically 3 ATP Procaryotes: Typically 1 ATP

11. Summary glucose + 36 P i + 36 ADP + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP 36 ATP = 263 kcal/mol glucose free energy change is 686 kcal/mol energy efficiency of glycolysis is 38% (under standard conditions) real efficiency >60%