1. General feedback from essays Do nots 1.Use unnecessary wording “A relevant debate is..” 2.Jump from ideas too quickly 3.Chuck stuff in for the sake of it- e.g reliability/mundane realism 4.Rush it at the end 5.Not conclude your argument 6.Add something new into the conclusion 7.Repeat the same points 8.Include evaluation points but not develop them 9.“This only supports the nature side of the nature/nurture debate”

2. General feedback- essay Dos Consider structure- plan and re-plan (at this stage) Include as much detail as possible in your AO1- Show off Make your discussion relevant to the question throughout Create fluency Limit the IDA points- quality not quantity Be relevant Focus on the question Synthesise where appropriate- If both theories are reductionist talk about this together Be Formal throughout Fully develop all ideas before moving on Conclude your argument

3. Essay DIRT Look at your feedback I have put an asterix (*) next to your main improvement point(s) 15 mins- Re-write that paragraph or section or list an improved plan for the essay

4. Homework- Essay plan Discuss one or more evolutionary explanations of group display in humans (4 marks and 16 marks) For Monday 19 th /Tuesday 20 th We will look at the plans and you will have a timed essay on Thursday/ Friday next week

5. Define the following on the white boards Objectivity Empiricism Hypo-thetico Deductive approach Peer review

6. Gender research ideas

7. Gender research topic ideas Gender differences in memory Gender differences in sleep Gender differences in answering questions in class Gender differences in likeliness to be asked questions in class Gender traits Gender preferences in films/music Gender differences in jealousy Gender differences in mental health Gender preferences in choice of A level subjects Gender differences in university decisions

8. Scientific Process 1.Problem/theory- Question 2.Prediction 3.Experimental method 4.Research Method- Design, instruments, participants 5.Data

9. List as many research methods as you can

10. Research methods Experiments Observations Case studies Self reports Interviews Questionnaire Correlations

11. Experimental methods Lab Field Natural Quasi

12. Quasi experiments http://study.com/academy/lesson/quasi- experimental-designs-definition-characteristics- types-examples.html

13. Study Plan your method Children become more attached to animals they can cuddle such as rabbits and dogs than animals they can’t such as reptiles and fish 1.Case study 2. Interview/questionnaire 3. Observation 4. Lab/Quasi experiment 5.Field Experiment 6. Natural experiment

14. Case study Ecological validity Rich data Variety of methods- mixed  Rich data is hard to analyse  Cannot generalise and low population validity  Cannot control extraneous variables- individual differences  Low reliability  Low generalisabiltiy  Open to research bias

15. Interview/Questionnaire Mixed data methods Easy to analyse Validity- real children with real views Practicality Ethics- Anonymity Large sample really easily  Social desirability  Interviewer or interpreter bias  Ethics- sensitivity  Validity- Wrong information given? Accuracy?  Missing information  Communication of questions may be ambigous

16. Observation Covert- no investigator effects or demand characteristics Rich, detailed data- Qual and Quan High ecological validity External and internal validity is high  Hard to control extraneous variables  Subjective and open to bias  Observer bias  Ethics- consent and protection from harm  Replicability and reliability  Internal validity

17. Lab/Quasi control over all variables Reliability and replicability No research bias- (depends) High internal validity Ethics  Social desirability  Demand characteristics  Low ecological validity  Ethics

18. Natural/ Field High ecological validity External validity Detailed data  Open to extraneous variables  Low reliability  Bias  Ethics  Low internal validity due to lack of control

19. Booklet task Page 8

20. Experimental design Independent measures Repeated measures Matched pairs

21. Starter- Experimental design Highlight Strengths and Weaknesses of Independent groups Dependant groups Matched pairs

22. Research design Zoe is doing an experiment on memory for neutral and sport related words involving a short memory test in controlled conditions. She is worried all the sporty people will end up in one group so decides to test everyone on both kinds of words What is the experimental method? What is the experimental design? What problem could there be with this design? How could Zoe overcome this problem? What other type of experiment could she use?

23. What is content analysis?

24. Exam practice In an observational study, 100 cars were fitted with video cameras to record the driver’s behaviour. Two psychologists used content analysis to analyse the data from the films. They found that 75% of accidents involved a lack of attention by the driver. The most common distractions were using a hands-free phone or talking to a passenger. Other distractions included looking at the scenery, smoking, eating, personal grooming and trying to reach something within the car. 1 8 What is content analysis? (2 marks) 1 9 Explain how the psychologist might have carried out content analysis (4 marks)

25. Hypotheses One tailed (directional) Two tailed (non- directional) Which is better?

26. Note the IV/DV/Type of Hypothesis Memory will be worse after a delay than for immediate recall Child and adult witnesses differ in accuracy of their testimonies Children spending longer in day care are more aggressive

27. Operationalising variables Any variable needs to be defined to ensure it is a valid manipulation or measure and to aid replication, e.g. a DV of ‘security of attachment’ could be defined by an infant’s responses in the Strange Situation. In a memory study the DV could be defined by the number of words recalled and the IV of ‘amount of rehearsal’ as the time allowed for learning.

28. Operationalise Operationalised There is a relationship between happiness scores on a questionnaire and intelligence test scores Not operationalise there is a relationship between happiness and intelligence’

29. Task Answer the questions relating to the hypothesis below: ‘Do older people sleep more or less than younger people?’ Identify the IV and DV. How could you operationalise the IV and DV? Write an operationalised ONE TAILED hypothesis. Write an operationalised NULL hypothesis

30. Practice Booklet p9

31. Your research Question Operationalise variables Hypothesis IV DV

32. Sampling methods List them

33. 1. Jane is hoping to carry out an experiment on how non-smokers’ memories are affected by a smoky atmosphere. She has decided to put a notice on the VLE asking people who would be willing to participate to e-mail her. 2. As part of his A Level, Henry is investigating how childhood memories of seventeen and eighteen year olds differ according to gender. He selects participants for his study by asking friends, acquaintances or anyone who will agree to take part. 3. Tessa is investigating how the strength of BHASVIC students’ memories differ for events that have occurred in their college life compared to in their life outside of college. She decides to gain her sampling by giving each BHASVIC student a number, then using random number tables to select students who have the corresponding numbers.

34. Question one Researchers conducted an independent measures design experiment in a local coffee bar investigating whether receiving physical contact from someone increases their rating of friendliness. The experiment took place between 11am and 2pm on a Wednesday. As members of the public left the coffee bar after paying, some were touched lightly on the upper arm by the cashier, whereas others were not. Outside the coffee bar members of the public were asked how friendly they thought the staff were on a scale of 1 (‘not very friendly’) to 10 (‘extremely friendly’). Identify the sampling technique used to obtain participants for this study and suggest one weakness with it. [4]

35. Question two A researcher has become interested in studying stress associated with driving and wishes to conduct an investigation to assess stress levels of motorists in England using the self-report method. Describe and evaluate an appropriate sampling technique for this study. [10]

36. Ethics You have 15 mins to create something to present on how you are going to meet all of the ethical guidelines Use page 2 of your proposal booklet to help you 5 people are going to form the ethics board per student/group presentation

37. Next session(s)