1. Examining the Risk Posed by GPS Jamming & Spoofing Professor David Last Strategic Advisor General Lighthouse Authorities of United Kingdom and Ireland (GLAs) Fast Patrol & Interception Craft London, 25 March 2014

2. General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom & Ireland (GLAs)

3. Dover Strait – 28 days’ traffic records

4. © David Last Satellite and Control System Failures Official announcement: "A significant GPS anomaly occurred on 1 Jan 04, beginning at approximately 1833Z... (which) … affected precise timing and navigation users over large portions of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and … North America … and resulted in the transmission of Hazardously Misleading Information." Sources: Vogel, Macabiau & Suard, ‘Effect of a GPS Anomaly on Different GNSS Receivers’, ION GNSS 2005, Long Beach, CA, Sep 13-16, 2005, Hoppe & Walterfang, ‘Investigation of a GPS Satellite Problem with respect to DGPS and GPS users’, European Journal of Navigation, May 2004, www.lr.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=400f4487-ed8c-4274-95cb-ebc2afa7385e&lang=en SVN23 clock failure

5. © David Last Solar flares “The burst produced 20,000 times more radio emission than the … rest of the sun … and swamped GPS receivers over the entire sunlit side of the Earth.”

6. © David Last Picture: www.flickr.com/photos/l23productions/1451697290/

7. A small jammer on this cliff-top disrupted GPS on vessels out to ranges as wide as the Dover Strait

8. © David Last Low-powered GPS jammer on ship Jammer of less than 1 milliWatt: False positions, and velocities Autopilot may turn vessel But no alarms! With a little more jammer power: Electronic Chart Displays Autopilot Automatic Identification System Differential GPS Satellite voice and data comms Maritime distress safety system plus … Ship’s Radar & Gyrocompass

10. © David Last xx Pictures: www.jammer-store.com/gj5-gps-l1-l2-l5-jammer-blocker.html Jammers like this already on our streets can block all frequencies of GPS and Galileo, Compass-Beidou & GLONASS, plus the EGNOS, WAAS, QZSS & GAGAN augmentation systems.

11. Pictures: wikipedia.org, dailymail.co.uk, insidegnss.com, youtube.com

13. © David Last eNa Picture: General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland eNavigation is coming!

14. Picture based on: http://www.amcsearch.com.au

17. GPS chaos: How a $30 box can jam your life 21:00 06 March 2011 by David HamblingDavid Hambling

18. © David Last Reduce impact of GPS vulnerability Harden GPS systems Complementary navigation system - independent of satellite navigation - compatible with it - meets modern standards Enhanced Loran (eLoran) GNSS + eLoran: So resilient you can reduce lighthouses and buoys – and pay for eLoran

19. The GLAs’ prototype eLoran system is on the air Runs continuously; available since May 2010; 10-20m accuracy in ports with differential service (green area)

20. The GLAs’ prototype eLoran system is on the air - serving the Port of Dover and the UK section of the Dover Strait First stage eLoran Initial Operational Capability (IOC) - soon at 6 more busy ports

21. Pictures: www.poferries.com

22. © David Last Picture: General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland On 28 February 2013, the Trinity House Vessel Galatea reverted automatically to eLoran when GPS was jammed. Galatea continued seamlessly on track, reporting eLoran positions to nearby ships and the Vessel Traffic Service ashore.

24. © David Last Pictures: Mitchell Narins, Federal Aviation Administration; Reelektronika bv Enhanced Loran (eLoran) eLoran: Strong LF signals from earth GPS: Weak microwaves from space Both: timing, ranges, position, time No common mode of failure Plug-in replacement

25. The GLAs’ prototype eLoran system now provides precise telecommunications timing across the UK and Ireland Picture: www.chronos.co.uk

26. The GLAs’ prototype eLoran system now provides precise telecommunications timing across the UK and Ireland Picture: www.chronos.co.uk … plus secure data, with road vehicle tracking to follow!

27. © David Last eLoran can also support Land Vehicle Telematics Pictures: www.vehicletrackingltd.co.uk, www.olmc.eu,blogs.guardian.co.uk

28. Renaissance of US low frequency solutions US Coast Guard and UrsaNav co-operate ‘Skyfree’ timing from Loran facility Much faster Loran data channel Received indoors Pictures: www.ursanav.com Timing & Data Transmissions from US Loran facilities

29. © David Last

30. Japan: No jamming has been observed in Japan No plans for terrestrial systems All Loran-C stations removed by 2015 South Korea: Plan to implement eLoran National coverage from 5 stations Far East Radio Navigation Service (FERNS)

31. UK & Ireland: Developing eLoran Implementing Operational Capability France: Transmitting Loran-C Has experimented with eLoran North-West Europe Norway: Closing Loran-C transmissions Discussions with Russia re high north Netherlands: Rotterdam pilots now using eLoran

32. Picture: www.insidegnss.com

33. The Route to eLoran Japan ROKUSA? UK Germany Russia

34. Upgrade old Loran-C to new eLoran Re-use Loran-C stations Serve shipping, telecoms, data, land transport – critical infrastructure Maritime: positive payback, shared costs New markets for industry Maximise Loran-C payback