1. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Professor Veronica Emilia Nuzzolo Introductory Psychology Concepts CHAPTER 6 MEMORY

2. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-2 Memory: Our ability to remember information Three-stage model of memory In this model, memory has three major components: (1) Sensory memory, which briefly holds incoming sensory information. Sensory memory: + iconic storage + echoic storage

3. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-3 Memory: Our ability to remember information Three-stage model of memory (2) Working (short-term) memory, which processes certain information received from sensory memory and information retrieved from long-term memory. Short-term memory: Lasts 12-30 seconds Capacity of 7 +/- 2 chunks of information

4. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-4 Memory: Our ability to remember information Three-stage model of memory (3) Long-term memory, which stores information for longer periods of time. Source: Adapted from Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968. Long-term memory: + Permanent method of storing memories + Unlimited capacity

5. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-5 Short-Term Memory: Our ability to process information

6. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-6 Short-Term Memory: Holds information before it is sent to long-term memory Short-term memory: Lasts 12-30 seconds Capacity of 7 +/- 2 chunks of information

7. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-7 In order to have a conscious memory, information must be retrieved from long-term memory and sent to short-term memory.

8. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-8 Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited capacity. Long-Term Memory Semantic Memory (general memory) Episodic Memory (personal knowledge) Declarative Memory (factual information) Procedural Memory (skills and habits)

9. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-9 Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited capacity. Long-Term Memory Semantic Memory (general memory) Episodic Memory (personal knowledge) Procedural Memory (skills and habits) Declarative Memory (factual information) Example: George Washington was the first president of the United States

10. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-10 Semantic Memory (general memory) Episodic Memory (personal knowledge) Declarative Memory (factual information) Example: Riding a bicycle Procedural Memory (skills and habits) Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited capacity. Long-Term Memory

11. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-11 Long-Term Memory Declarative Memory (factual information) Example: George Washington wore a wig. Procedural Memory (skills and habits) Semantic Memory (general memory) Episodic Memory (personal knowledge) Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited capacity.

12. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-12 Declarative Memory (factual information) Example: Remembering your visit to George Washington’s home: Mount Vernon Procedural Memory (skills and habits) Semantic Memory (general memory) Episodic Memory (personal knowledge) Long-Term Memory: A permanent method of storing memories, with an unlimited capacity. Long-Term Memory

13. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-13 Use of Retrieval Cues for Remembering: + An internal or external stimulus that activates information stored in long-term memory. + Encoded at the same time as the new memory.

14. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-14 Encoding Specificity: + Physical surroundings become encoded as retrieval cues. + Memories are enhanced when retrieval conditions match those present during encoding.

15. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-15 Encoding Specificity: Physical surroundings become encoded as a retrieval cue. Context-Dependent Memory. Scuba divers who learned lists of words while under water later recalled them best while under water, whereas words they learned on land were best recalled on land. 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage of words recalled Land/ Land Water/ Water Land/ Water Water/ Land SAME CONTEXTDIFF CONTEXT

16. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-16 State-Dependent Memory: Physiological/psychological state is used as a retrieval cue. + Moving from internal to external cues + Our ability to retrieve information is greater when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning.

17. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6-17 State-Dependent Memory: In the film City Lights a drunken millionaire befriends and spends the evening partying with Charlie Chaplin after Charlie saves his life. The next day, in a sober state, the millionaire doesn’t remember Charlie and considers him an unwanted pest. After getting drunk again, he remembers Chaplin and treats him like a good buddy.