1. Preface: Understanding the “new imperialism”

3. What was “new”? The “new imperialism” is a 19 th century phenomenon It is not simply establishing ports for commerce Major infrastructural undertakings and exploitation of resources A “national” “belief”

4. Imperialist “nations” of 19 th century

7. NEW IMPERIALISM AND THE MUSLIM WORLD International encroachment to the Muslim world (See Map 28 on p.454) The necessity to centralize power at the hands of the state The necessity to get new glasses “to see” better

8. Iran in the Modern Period

9. The Diversity that was Iran What is diversity? What might cause diversity? When and for whom would diversity be a “problem”? How can one get rid of diversity?

11. Legitimacy and the Russians

12. The Diversity that was Iran The Dynasties and Revolutions: –Qajar: 1779-1925 –Constitutional Revolutions: 1906 and 1910 –Pahlavi: 1925-1979 –The Iranian Revolution Parallels between Iran and the others Significant agents of change in Iran: –‘Ulama –Merchants –Tribal leaders –“Constitutionalists” –International powers

13. OIL FIELDS

14. The Foreigners: Britain and Russia Oil? Access to warm waters? Infrastructural investments?

15. The Diversity that was Iran The Dynasties and Revolutions: –Qajar: 1779-1925 –Constitutional Revolutions: 1906 and 1910 –Pahlavi: 1925-1979 –The Iranian Revolution Parallels between Iran and the others Significant agents of change in Iran: –‘Ulama –Merchants –Tribal leaders –“Constitutionalists” –International powers

16. The Qajar Dynasty The long 19 th century for Iran –1779-1925 CE A “tenuous suzerainty” –‘Ulama –Tribal leaders –Russia (and then) Britain Centralization attempts in the second half of 19 th century Constitutional turmoil in the early 20 th century Fath Ali Shah 1797-1834

17. The Qajar Dynasty The strength of the ‘ulama –Justice –Endowments –Religious ceremonies The strength of the tribal leaders –A tribal force from the north The strength of foreigners –Military pressure until mid 19 th century –Economic expertise stimulating state centralization

20. The Qajar Dynasty Centralization attempts in the second half of 19 th century: –Nasir al-Din Shah and the Cossack Brigade of 1882 Nasir al-Din Shah 1848-1896

22. The Qajar Dynasty Centralization attempts in the second half of 19 th century: –Nasir al-Din Shah and the Cossack Brigade of 1882 –Foreign economic involvement: Baron Paul Julius Reuter (1872) Caspian Fisheries (1888) Imperial Bank of Persia (1889) Major G. F. Talbot (1890) Bank of Persia (1891) Anglo-Russian Agreement (1907) –Dar al-Funun (1851)

29. The Qajar Dynasty Constitutional turmoil in the early 20 th century: –1906: Response to a build- up of frustration –A debated understanding of a constituent body –Brutal repression 1907-08 –Re-revolution 1909 –Russian involvement 1911 –Anarchy 1911-1925

30. The Pahlavi Era Reza Khan to Reza Shah: –A member of the Cossack Brigade –Accomplice to a coup d'état in 1921 –Forced the Qajar shah out of the country in 1923 –The constituent assembly declared him as shah in 1925 –Remained as the shah until 1941

31. The Pahlavi Era Reza Shah: –Reforms, reforms, reforms –Oil 1908 APOC British control 1914 Refineries –Foreign influence –Inter-war years and the economic crisis McCormick Hall, American College of Tehran

32. The Pahlavi Era Muhammad Reza Shah –WWII and foreign influence –Cold War and US military support –National Front and Mosaddeq vs. CIA –Baghdad pact (1955) –White revolution Muhammad Reza Shah

34. 30%

35. Oppression by the shah and the foreign powers –SAVAK The Pahlavi Era Shapour Reporter was a Zoroastrian from Delhi who worked in Tehran as Counselor to the Indian Embassy, as special correspondent to the London Times, and as English tutor to Queen Soraya.

36. Constant oppression by the shah –SAVAK (1957) The Pahlavi Era Soon after the coup that brought Mosaddeq down in 1953, Shapur Reporter was knighted.

37. Frustration with the shah –Brought to power with foreign forces –CIA and the Coup of 1953 –Suppressed other political parties using SAVAK in the 60s and 70s –Suppressed tribal leaders –Frustrated groups: Ulama Workers Large land owners Merchants The Pahlavi Era

41. The Islamic Republic of Iran