1. Central Nervous System

2. Development Embryo @ 4 weeks Begins as neural tube
Brain begins to develop
Remaining neural tube becomes spinal cord

3. Functional Anatomy of Brain
4 major regions
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

4. Cerebral Hemispheres “cerebrum” Surface has ridges Gyri- Ridges
Sulci- Shallow grooves
Fissures- Deep grooves

5. Cerebral Hemispheres 3 regions Cerebral cortex (gray matter)
Internal white matter
Basal nuclei

6. Cerebral Cortex Outermost cerebrum Functions: Divided into 4 lobes
Higher brain function
Divided into 4 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

7. Cerebral Lobes Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
Parietal
movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
Occipital
visual processing
Temporal
perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

8. Cerebral White Matter
Myelinated axons that connect with other brain regions (tracts)
Corpus Callosum
Largest bundle
Connects left hemisphere to right hemisphere

9. Basal Nuclei “Islands” of gray matter embedded into white matter
Help regulate motor activities

10. Diencephalon Composed of two structures Thalamus Hypothalamus
Encloses third ventricle
Relay station for sensory impulses
Hypothalamus
Autonomic functions
Regulates body temperature, water balance, metabolism, limbic system (emotion and behavior), pituitary gland

11. Brain Stem
Vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure
Composed of:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata

12. Cerebellum Functions: “Little brain“
Regulation and coordination of movement
Posture
Balance
“Little brain“
Hemispheres
Folded surface

13. Protection of CNS Neurons are irreplaceable Protective features:
Skull & vertebral column
Bone enclosure
Meninges
membranes
Cushioning
Cerebrospinal fluid

14. Meninges Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Outer layer, Leathery
Middle layer, cobwebby
Subarachnoid space
Filled with CSF
Pia mater
Innermost layer

15. Cerebrospinal Fluid Composition similar to blood plasma
Formed from blood by choroid plexus
Choroid plexus
Capillaries in brain ventricles
Protective cushion for brain and spinal cord
Blood brain barrier
Brain environment must be constant
Least permeable capillaries in body
Prevents substances from entering brain tissue

16. Spinal Cord 17 inches long (~L2 vertebrae) Continuation of brain stem
Pathway to and from brain
Protected by meninges
31 pairs of nerves

17. Spinal Cord Gray matter White Matter H or butterfly shape
Surrounds central cavity (CSF)
Posterior projections (horns)
Anterior projections (horns)
White Matter
Divided into columns
Contains fiber tracts