1. Query Optimization CMPE 226 Database Systems By, Arjun Gangisetty
Prasad Bidwai
CMPE 226
Database Systems

2. What is Query Optimization ??
It`s a way to determine the most efficient way to execute a given query.
There could be multiple ways(query plans) to execute a given query.
Compare the cost of all possibilities and provide a good execution plan.

3. Why is it needed ?
Necessary for the time critical applications with very less response time.
To minimize consumption of system resources (disk access)
To avoid table locking and data corruption issues(often occurred by long running queries).
Necessary for database performance tuning.

4. How to do it ? Smart use of indexing use of aggregate tables
denormalization
horizontal partitioning

5. contd... some quick hacks:
understand how database executes your query(explain plan for [SQL Query]).
retrieve as little data as possible(do not use select *).
store intermediate results.

6. Query traversal through DBMS
SQL Query Evaluation
Engine in DB

7. Query Evaluation at DB level
An SQL statement expresses what you want.
Query evaluation engine in DB tells the server how to do it.
Typical Evaluation Flow
Initially, the server validates the query as soon as it receives it
Further, it translates it to a relational calculus expression
Later, query optimizer picks up the query and examines execution plans for it.
Next, the code generator transforms it into calls to query processor
Finally, the query processor executes the query.

8. Query Plan
The way that a statement can be physically executed is called an execution plan or a query plan.
Query plans are formed by examining the possible access paths (e.g., primary index access, secondary index access, full file scan) and various relational table join techniques (e.g., merge join, hash join, product join).
It consist of primitive operators like sort, index scan and merge joins
Query plans are sketched as a tree: information flows from leaves to the root.

9. Query Optimizer
The component of the evaluation engine that is responsible for computing the optimal execution plan is called query optimizer.
It takes a parsed representation of a SQL query as input.
It generates an efficient execution plan for the given SQL query from the space of possible execution plans.
The optimizer bases its decision on its knowledge of the database content.
The query optimizer is responsible for generating the input for the query processor.

10. Example query evaluation
Tables
emp(name,age,sal,dno)
dept(dno,dname,floor,budget,mgr,ano)
SQL Query
Select name, floor
from emp, dept
where emp.dno=dept.dno and sal>100K

11. Stats of DB contents and structure

12. Execution Plans for Query
Plan 1 with below primitive operators:
Nested loop
Index Scan on emp and dept
Plan 2 with below primitive operators:
Page level nested loops
No index
Plan 3 with below primitive operators:
Tuple level cross product
Sequential Scan to test join and selection

13. Query tree for 3 execution plans

14. Query Plan Performance
Depends on order in which tables are joined
Amount of I/O resources consumed
Number of page reads
CPU Time
Amount of disk buffer space

15. Thank You