1. Chapter 27 Tradition & Change in East Asia

2. A New Era—The First “Global” Age! European voyages sparked a new era of interaction and exchange in world history Transoceanic encounters affected societies in different ways –European arrival in the Americas led to the disappearance of the Aztecs and Incas, a new race-based social class system, and coercive labor on plantations and in mines. –European interactions with Africa produced the Atlantic slave trade as well as political, social, and economic turmoil in Africa. European interactions with East Asia were different—but HOW? And WHY?European interactions with East Asia were different—but HOW? And WHY?

3. Why was East Asia Different? Geographic Isolation –West: Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau, Talkamakan Desert –North: Gobi Desert –East: Yellow Sea Led to a strong native culture in China, Japan, and Korea general mistrust of foreigners

4. Why was East Asia Different? Philosophical, Religious and Social Traditions –Buddhism & Daoism Individual journey, avoiding extremes, promote peace & harmony, etc. –Confucianism Strong socio-political philosophy; practical & ethical Social harmony could be restored with key relationships Good government comes from placing wise & virtuous rulers in charge Rulers should be counseled by scholars well versed in history, poetry, & literature

5. Why was East Asia Different? Basic Supply & Demand! Europeans demanded Chinese: –Tea –Silk –Porcelain –Lacquer-ware Europe were supplying China with: –Exotic animals –Woolen textiles –Spices –SILVER!!

6. The Ming Dynasty “Restoration” Yuan dynasty (Mongol rule) collapsed in 1368, due to decline in population from the plague, economic hardships, civil war, etc. MingHongwuRise of the Ming under Hongwu –Soldier, priest, and a thief (?!) –Drove Mongols out; created a new centralized state mandarins –Used mandarins to enforce laws eunuchs –Trusted eunuchs, appointing many as high advisors/palace bureaucrats Restored Chinese rule, tradition & the civil service system!!!

7. The Ming continued… Ming Rulers focused on: –Removing Mongol influence –Reinstating Chinese traditions –Centralizing administration –Expanding civil service bureaucracy –Expanding borders –Forming alliances w/ neighboring areas Vietnamese states Yi kingdom in Korea –Repelling foreign invasions Fortified the Great Wall –Added watch towers, signal towers, brick & mortar, etc. Strengthened army

8. Chángchéng (“Long Wall”)

9. “Forbidden City” The “Forbidden City” (Palace of Ming & Qing Emperors)

10. Decline of the Ming 1520-1560’s pirates & smugglers disrupted coastal and inland communities Imperial government became inept & corrupt –Isolated in the “Forbidden City” (cut off from reality) –Entrusted govt. matters to eunuchs –Emperor distracted by entertainment/ harem/concubines –17 th c. famines –Economic problems (caused by monetary policies; high taxes) –Peasant rebellions!! –Manchu invaders!!!

11. The Qing Dynasty Poured in from Manchuria in 1644 Notable Emperors: Kangxi, Qianlong (“enlightened rule”?) Manchu elites were schooled in Chinese language, Confucian thought, and poetry Did not allow Chinese people to learn their language, go to their country, inter-marry etc. Tensions between the Manchu and the Chinese were muted by strong leadership & adherence to the Confucian values and political system Expansion of the empire—expansion in Tibet; added Nepal, Vietnam, and Burma as vassal states

12. Kangxi & Qianlong

13. How was Manchu rule (under the Qing Dynasty) similar to Mongol rule (during the Yuan Dynasty)? How was it different?

14. Economic Changes... Coastal cities: Global trade fueled commercial expansion Rural areas: Confucian traditions praised agricultural labor New crops introduced (via Columbian Exchange)= maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts Increased agricultural production & new crops created a population boom! Population from 100 million to 160 million in 1600, surged to 225 million in 1700!! Growth put tremendous pressure on resources Large labor force drove wages/per capita income down

15. Population Growth Continues!

16. Isolation vs. Trade SILVEREuropean demand for Asian luxury goods led to influx of American & Japanese SILVER that fueled manufacturing Commercial activities were highly regulated by gov’t. 1656—imperial edict banned foreign trade; imposed isolation1656—imperial edict banned foreign trade; imposed isolation Many Chinese merchants independently went to SE Asia to trade w/ European merchants Commoners put pressure on gov’t. to lift trade ban (civil unrest; weakened imperial authority) Manila (Spanish) Galleon

17. Ming & Qing Society traditionalMing rulers aimed to restore and maintain traditional ways Stressed political & social stability (over progress) –Population growth caused rulers to focus on keeping the people fed, not on technological innovation, long distance trade, interaction with Europe, etc. Increaded Patriarchy!! –Female infanticide foot-binding –Resurgence of foot-binding

19. EmperorEmperor Scholar-bureaucratsScholar-bureaucrats GentryGentry Peasants & artisansPeasants & artisans MerchantsMerchants “Mean people”—(beggars, slaves, prostitutes, & “boat people of Guangdong”)“Mean people”—(beggars, slaves, prostitutes, & “boat people of Guangdong”) How is the social hierarchy in China different than it was in other places during this time? WHY is it different? Ming & Qing Social Hierarchy

20. Neo-Confucianism Restored Strong support of Neo-Confucianism created new climate of learning & discipline Civil service examinations became more rigorous; scholar- gentry considered “elite” Popular novels were looked down upon by Confucian scholars

21. Neo-Confucianism & Christianity Matteo RicciEuropean Jesuit missionaries ( like Matteo Ricci) learned Chinese and Confucian classics to gain access & promote Christianity Tried to show similarity between teachings of Jesus and Confucius Few converts—Christianity (like Islam) could not be practiced along with Daoism, Buddhism, etc. Emperor Kangxi “banned” Christian teachings Eventually missionary efforts weakened and ended Even though there were few converts, how did the spread of Christianity change China?

22. Unification of Japan Japan had history of clan-based government & Medieval era brought the rise of feudalism shogunsRule by shoguns from 12 th -16 th c. Emperor was seen as a living god (a figurehead); shoguns had real power SengokuSengoku— “country at war”! Tokugawa Ieyasu bakufuTokugawa Ieyasu conquered rival clans & est. temporary “tent govt.” (bakufu) that ended up lasting... Tokugawa shoguns ruled over a “unified” Japan from 1600-1867

23. Tokugawa Japan daimyoTokugawa shoguns wanted to limit power of daimyo (lords) “alternate attendance”Req. policy of “alternate attendance” (daimyo required to live in Edo alternate years) Monopoly on gunpowder technology Led to general stability & peace through Tokugawa period http://www.hogaku.it/storia/azuchi_momoyama/map2.gif

24. Isolation and Economic Change in Japan Shoguns issued strict edicts restricting interaction with foreignersShoguns issued strict edicts restricting interaction with foreigners (Europeans brought gunpowder!) Expelled merchants; forbade import of foreign books Small numbers of Chinese & Dutch merchants could trade at Nagasaki under tight watch Sparked new agricultural production—leading to population growth

25. Social and Cultural Change in Japan Social structure changed (daimyo’s power decreased, merchants at bottom—as in China) However, merchant wealth increased; often merchants bought into arranged marriages to improve standing Neo-ConfucianismNeo-Confucianism became the “official” ideology of the Tokugawa bakufu “native learning”Also a push for “native learning” (Japanese tradition) that scorned influence from China “Floating worlds”“Floating worlds” emerged in the cities (cultural centers w/ kabuki theatres, teahouses, brothels, and public baths) “Dutch learning”,The arrival of Dutch merchants brought Christianity (resented by shoguns) and the introduction of “Dutch learning”, which brought European ideas into Japan

26. Social Hierarchy in Tokugawa Japan

27. Social and Cultural Change in Japan

28. Japanese Geisha