1. Chapter 14: The Latin West 1200-1500
Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

3. Rural Life & New Farming Technologies
1200 AD most were peasants bound to the land
Population doubled
agricultural techniques
climate change
windmills
waterwheels
deforestation

4. Famines & Black Death
Around 1250 crop yields decreased-possibly because of population pressure
decrease in human resistance to disease by 1348
Bubonic Plague-Black Death-overwhelmed Europe in 1348
social , political, economic, etc. impact

5. Impact of Plague on Europe
Europeans had little resistance
Ravaged Europe for 2-3 years-returned periodically devastating the population

6. Impact of the Plague Fewer workers so labor more valuable
Peasants demanded higher wages
Oversupply of goods: became less expensive
Serfdom ended as demand for labor rose

7. Impact of the Plague Living standards improved
less time to learn a craft
Nobles died
less opposition to king
Religion and learning flourish
Technology advanced
mining
metallurgy
Water mills

8. Impact of Black Death: Social Rebellion
rebellions against wealthy nobles & churchmen who tried to freeze wages
Large gap between rich and poor
Population declined but per capita production rose

9. Growth of Trade
Great Urban revival, fueled by end of the Crusades & workers leaving manors
Italian cities in north become rich & powerful through trade; Genoa, Venice, Milan
Hanseatic League- group of cities in Northern Europe united for trade influence & prices

10. Urban Revival Flanders
commercial center for wool imports & cloth manufacturing
England, Florence, and Italy
textiles
Trade fairs evolve into cities
Trade increased under Mongol expansion

11. Urban Revival Venice dominates trade
Some European cities were city-states - were independent from nobles& kings
traded more freely than Asian or Middle Eastern cities
Bringing cities under the control of King sometimes required force-(Paris)
Guilds- craft specialists who regulated craft rules and prices to protect their interests

12. Urban Revival

13. Rise of Merchant & Banking Class
big business required loans, money changing, & investments
Florence
banking services
checking accounts
Shareholding
bookkeeping

14. European Renaissance Large banking families appear
Medici family of Florence operated banks in Italy, Flanders, London
handled affairs for nobles, kings, the Church
Church prohibited usury
Usury
loaning money at high interest rates

15. European Jews Jews able to escape poverty by becoming moneylenders
Christians worked around the rules to make money directly
Europe’s largest population of Jews lived in Spain Persecution existed in most of Europe except in the papal city of Rome

16. European Renaissance Wealthy families able to fund art & architecture
Gained status for themselves & city

17. Universities
Prior to 1200, monasteries were primary centers or learning
After 1200, colleges & universities were created & supported by Church
taught medicine, law, theology
Theology-study of nature of God & religious truth

18. Scholasticism
Theology was primary subject-brought together Greek philosophy, notably Aristotle, & Christian faith
mixing of these called Scholasticism
Most notable written work wasSumma Theologica, by Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican priest

19. Kings Consolidate Power
Kings sought to become stronger & centralize power
Kings weak
Little or no treasury funds
Powerful nobles
Independent towns & cities
Powerful Church

20. England 1215 AD, King John I of England forced to sign Magna Carta
Trial by jury of peers
nobles could petition the king
became Parliament
No taxation without consent of nobles
exception to the pattern of strong monarchs

21. France
In France, Philip the Fair arrests Pope-installs his own pope at Avignon
In general, Kings sought to increase power by:
Marrying into noble families
Taxing peasants
Appointing their own bishops and clergy (lay investiture)

22. Hundred Years War:
End of feudalistic pattern-gradual severance of England from France
Although England lost, both monarchies emerged stronger
Joan of Arc helped France
New weapons-longbow, gunpowder (cannons)
End of feudalism

23. New Monarchies in France & England
Stronger central governments
English language became dominant in English court
National boundaries
New tax system
Strong connections to middle class and merchant class instead of nobles and church

24. European Renaissance Strong governments on Iberian Peninsula too:
Spain and Portugal emerge as nations after forcing the Muslims out of Iberia after 700 years
The Reconquista
In 1492, Spain and Portugal also expelled all Jews who would not convert to Christianity

25. European Renaissance
By the 1300’s a new emphasis on learning began that expanded upon the learning of universities and scholasticism
A new emphasis on understanding humans as well as God became the idea of “Humanism”
Humanism is the study of man and his world. Today it is known as humanities, such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, literature (the classics), religion.

26. European Renaissance
Early Humanist writers referred to works long kept secured by monasteries during the Dark Ages
Dante Alighieri-Italy wrote the Divine Comedy: journey through 9 layers of Hell and the entrance to Paradise using Greco-Roman classical themes, imagery.
Made accessible through his use of the vernacular form of Tuscany

27. European Renaissance
Geoffrey Chaucer-England : Wrote the Canterbury Tales: everyday life in medieval England, in vernacular.
Other Humanists writers:
Machiavelli: wrote The Prince; a political handbook for political leaders. Premise: the ends justifies the means
Thomas More: Utopia; perfect society of the future
Erasmus: Dutch writer of religious reform: wrote In Praise of Folly

28. European Renaissance Petrarch: Italian poet of love poetry
Castiglione: wrote The Courtier; how to succeed at the royal court
Boccaccio: wrote The Decameron; collection of short stories about Italian nobles. Produced a version of the New Testament in Greek
Humanists sought a return to original Greek and Roman texts. Pope Nicholas creates the Vatican library by buying authentic Greek and Roman translations of classic texts.
Emphasis on authenticity

29. European Renaissance
William Shakespeare: English playwright
Christopher Marlowe: English playwright

30. European Renaissance
Humanism helps create a new era after Middle Ages called the Renaissance
Renaissance = Rebirth of learning & culture
Return to classical roots and sources of literature and art
Universities developed in Bologne and Paris which incorporated the works of Aristotle which were saved by Muslims
Monarchs, church and merchants all wanted this rebirth of learning

31. European Renaissance
Why did Europe grow in power & wealth?
Education

32. European Renaissance
Botticelli
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Leonardo Da Vinci
Raphael
Titian
Giotto
Jan Van Eyck

33. European Renaissance
Favorite themes of artists and patrons during the Renaissance were religious
Combined with authenticity of Humanism, religious subjects were presented in a more realistic style.

34. European Renaissance

35. European Renaissance

38. European Renaissance
All presented a sense of realism and naturalism to create what modern society would call “photographic perfect”
Ideas were transmitted quickly throughout Europe by means of the printing press of Johan Gutenberg-it used moveable type
Craft guilds in various cities competed in quality and innovation created competitions though they discouraged

39. European Renaissance
The Renaissance had an economic base as cities expanded and developed architectural pride
Craft guilds in various cities competed in quality and innovation but stifled competition within their own cities
Rural areas offered different opportunities but could not compete with the economic and social attractions of the city