1. Cloning

3. Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning:
“An extinct animal has been brought back to life for the first time after being cloned from frozen tissue.”

4. What is Cloning?
Cloning: artificially creating a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived

5. Therapeutic Cloning Reproductive Cloning

6. Reproductive Cloning "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT)
nucleus is removed from donor’s egg
somatic cell and donor egg are fused
developing embryo implanted into surrogate mother
birth of clone

7. Somatic Cells- any cells making up the body of an organism
Germ-line Cells- Reproductive cells (egg and sperm)

8. Cloning by Nuclear Transfer
The introduction of a nucleus from a body cell, into an egg cell to generate an organism identical to the nucleus donor
Like Dolly the Sheep!

9. Other Models

10. Gene Therapy
When a disorder is treated by introducing a gene into a patients cell
Commonly used to treat Cystic fibrosis- a disease characterized by sticky mucus building up in the lungs and blocking airways
Can be ‘cured’ by adding a functional CFTR Gene is added

11. Vaccine
Homework:
Read pg
Do # 1-5 on pg 270
A vaccine is a substance containing all or part of a harmless version of a pathogen that physcians introduce into the body to produce immunity to disease
A DNA vaccine is a vaccine made from the DNA of a pathogen, but does not have disease-causing capability

12. Why might we genetically engineer crops?
Agricultural Applications-
Increasing Yields
Improving Nutrition
Disease-Resistance
Herbicides
Insecticides
Growing Vaccines?

13. Why do we make GM plants?
better crops: disease and pest resistant, better storage….
new crops: FASTER plant breeding
more food, better food
plants as pharmaceutical ‘factories’
edible vaccines

14. Banana or hypodermic?

16. By 2009, Dow AgroSciences hopes to have vaccines for equine West Nile Virus and avian flu, with other vaccines likely to follow. Vaccine production in genetically engineered plants, or "molecular farming", could become the next trend in vaccine manufacturing. It is perceived to be safe, low-cost and more efficient.

17. GMO crops

19. Increase of GM crops globally

20. Concerns: Safety Access and Intellectual Property Ethics Labeling
Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
Access and Intellectual Property
Domination of world food production by a few companies
Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries
Biopiracy—foreign exploitation of natural resources
Ethics
Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values
Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species
Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa
Stress for animal
Labeling
Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States)
Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts
Society
New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries

21. Bioethics The study of ethical issues related to DNA technology
Can GM food hurt the environment?
Should we try to clone humans?
Will reproductive gene therapy adversely effect future generations?

22. What is a stem cell? Three general properties….
Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for an extended amount of time
They are unspecialized
They can give rise to specialized cells
Stem cells are in a category all of there own, apart from somatic and sex
In order to get a stem cell to differentiate conditions need to be altered and adjusted.

24. "Designer Babies"
Offspring's genes purposefully selected ("designed") to be the optimal recombination of their parents' genetic material
Newly coined term, Designer babies is a term used by journalists to describe this frightening scenario (to modify embryos to choose desirable or cosmetic characteristics). It is not a term used by scientists.
N: just put quotes around DB since it is not a scientific term... 

25. What CAN currently be done
Only 2 techniques are legally done to advance reproductive technology in humans:
Determine sex and genes of child - Choosing the sperm to fertilize the egg
Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - Genetic screening of embryos in vitro for genetic disorders/diseases
PGD is performed as a part of an In Vitro Fertilization cycle where multiple eggs are produced, retrieved from the ovaries and fertilized with the husband's sperm. IVF is necessary to give us access to the embryo in vitro. At their earliest stage of development, one or two cells are removed from each embryo through a procedure called embryo biopsy. These cells are analyzed to determine which embryos are free of genetic abnormalities.
Can determine sex after fertilization, but are making progress with sperm sorting through use of centrifugation.
HOWEVER, laws in different countries allow these two procedures to different extents, and are illegal in some places.
(analysis of these cells may be performed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which allows a geneticist to provide information on the individual embryo's chromosomal make-up. ) 

26. Are Clones Identical? Rainbow, the donor CC, the clone
CC with her Surrogate Mom, Allie

27. Activity!
Activity!

28. What Makes a Good Scientific Argument?

29. What Makes a Good Scientific Argument?
Empirical Data (Objective, Quantitative)
Reliable
Reproducible

30. Where is the Cut-Off?