1. PUNCTUATION

2. ; SEMICOLON ; RULE 1: To join two independent clauses that are closely related The rain stopped ; the sun came out.

3. BUT… DO NOT USE A SEMICOLON AFTER AND, BUT, NOR and OR connecting two independent clauses. Use a comma! The rain stopped, and the rain came out.

4. IF… “Therefore” or “however” appears after the semicolon, place a comma after it. The rain stopped ; however, the clouds still looked dark.

5. : COLONS : RULE 1: After a greeting of a BUSINESS letter Gentlemen : I would like to request your help. To whom it may concern : Thank you for the opportunity.

6. : COLONS : RULE 2: IN WRITING TIME 9 : 00 A.M. 12 : 00 P.M.

7. : COLONS : RULE 3: To set off lists Groceries : ice cream root beer straws

8. : EXAMPLES : Groceries : ice cream root beer straws To do : 1. go to store 2. buy groceries 3. make root beer floats 4. watch the movies

9. : COLONS : Rule 4: After divisions of topics in writing Colons : Rule 1 : Rule 2 :

10. ? QUESTION MARK ? RULE 1: At the end of a question

11. ! EXCLAMATION POINT ! RULE 1: After a word or phrase of strong feeling Gosh ! Look out !

12. ! EXCLAMATION POINT ! RULE 2: After an exclamatory sentence. You did it !

13. -- HYPHENS -- RULE 1: Between fractions and numbers two-thirds twenty-two

14. -- HYPHENS -- Rule 2: dividing a word of two or more syllables *two letters at least on one line and three at least on the next *divide between syllables

15. -- HYPHENS -- Find my mistake in use of the hyphen. I wanted to go together, but they pre- ferred to go alone. Why would I go a- lone?

16. -- HYPHENS -- Rule 3: to combine prefixes with abase word prefix = ex abase = president combined: ex - president A dictionary will show proper form if a hyphen is needed!

17. -- HYPHENS -- Rule 4: to combine closely related words to-and-fro two-handed jack-in-the-box Remember, hyphenated words can be found in the dictionary!

18. UNDERLINING and ITALICS When you handwrite, you must underline certain phrases since humans cannot write in italics. When you word process, you can use italics instead. ITALICS = UNDERLINING

19. UNDERLINING = ITALICS Rule 1: Ships, planes, and trains must be underlined or put in italics the Titanic or Titanic the Polar Express or Polar Express

20. UNDERLINING = ITALICS Rule 2: Letter(s), word(s), numeral(s) used out of context must be underlined or italicized This sentence has too many ands. A 7 should appear here.

21. UNDERLINING = ITALICS Rule 3: titles of long/whole works a. books f. tv shows b. magazines g. records c. movies h. cds d. newspapers i. works of art e. plays

22. UNDERLINING = ITALICS Rule 3: titles of long/whole works True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle the Mona Lisa American Idol Orange County Register Sports Illustrated

23. “ QUOTATION MARKS ” RULE 1: AROUND SHORTER/PARTS OF WORKS A) CHAPTERS B) ARTICLES C) POEMS D) ESSAYS E) SHORT STORIES F) NURSERY RHYMES G) SONGS

24. “ QUOTATION MARKS ” RULE 1: AROUND SHORTER/PARTS OF WORKS “Rikki Tikki Tavi” “Obesity in America’s Children” “Party in the U.S.A” “Jack Be Nimble”

25. “ QUOTATION MARKS ” Rule 2: to indicate someone’s exact words. She may have said to go home. She said, “Go home.”

26. “ QUOTATION MARKS ” RULE 3: Each time a new person speaks, a new paragraph is begun.

27. EXAMPLES “ I like the mountains, ” said Lily. Thelma replied, “ Let’s go there. ” “ I can’t, ” Lily responded. “ I’m busy. ” Each line is a new paragraph and is indented! Don’t indent for consecutive lines by the same speaker!

28. “ QUOTATION MARKS ” BEGINNING TAG: He said, “ Go home and think. ” END TAG: “ Go home and think, ” he said. SPLIT TAG: “ Go home, ” he said, “ and think. ”

29. “ QUOTATION MARKS ” RULE 4: If the sentence ends the quotation, place the end punctuation inside the final quote mark. He said, “Did you try ? ” She said, “Let’s go there. ”

30. EXAMPLES: “Let’s go there,” he said. “I can’t,” said Milly. “I’m busy.”

31. “ QUOTATION MARKS ” RULE 6: If the entire sentence is not a quotation, place a period or comma inside the final quote mark. “Go home,” she shouted. She shouted, “Go home.”

32. COMMAS wksht. A RULE 1: Use a comma to separate words, phrases, or clauses in a series of three or more. She had a bagel, an apple, and juice. The dog went in the house, to his bowl, and up the stairs. We ate, we danced, and then we left.

33. COMMAS wksht. A RULE 1: Use a comma to separate words, phrases, or clauses in a series of three or more. Some writers do not use the COMMA before the conjunction with a series, but you SHOULD use a comma there! She cried, kicked and screamed during the tantrum. NO!! She cried, kicked, and screamed during the tantrum.YES!!

34. COMMAS wksht. A RULE 2: two adjectives in a row describing a noun wild, aggressive dog Do the check test. Can you switch them around? Can you use “and”? wild and aggressive dog aggressive and wild dog

35. COMMAS wksht. A RULE 2: two adjectives in a row describing a noun fat, hairy cat steamy, delicious soup hairy, wild Siberian husky ugly, vicious French poodle warm, crunchy French bread

36. COMMAS wksht. B RULE 1: Use a comma before a conjunction (FANBOYS) when it joins independent clauses in a sentence. I wanted vanilla ice cream. All they had was chocolate. I wanted vanilla, but all they had was chocolate. (subject and verb), BUT (subject and verb) (independent), BUT (independent)

37. COMMAS wksht. B RULE 1: Use a comma before a conjunction (FANBOYS) when it joins independent clauses in a sentence. DO NOT BE FOOLED! WARNING! DO NOT BE FOOLED! MAKE SURE THAT THERE ARE TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES AND THAT BOTH CONTAIN A SUBJECT AND A VERB! Usually we study in the morning and play basketball in the afternoon. (subject and verb), and (verb)

38. COMMAS wksht. C RULE 3: Use commas to set off an expression that interrupts a sentence. Two commas are needed if the INTERRUPTER is in the middle of the sentence. Anne Meyers, our neighbor, is a good golfer. One comma is needed if the INTERRUPTER starts or ends the sentence. Of course, I would like to win. My answer is correct, I suppose.

39. COMMAS wksht C Do not worry about essential versus non-essential! This is an eighth or ninth grade standard. For now, put commas around all interrupters!

40. COMMAS wksht C Types of interrupters: Participial Phrase: A phrase that looks like a verb, but it functions as an adjective. Paul, thrilled by the applause, took a bow. My sister, listening to the radio, did not hear me. Ellis Island, rebuilt as a museum, opened in 1990.

41. COMMAS wksht C Types of interrupters: Adjective Dependent Clause: who, whose, which, whom Paul, who won the contest, took a bow. My sister, whom I dislike, did not hear me. Ellis Island, which was rebuilt, opened in 1990.

42. COMMAS wksht C Types of interrupters: Appositive phrase: noun/pronoun phrase used to identify or rename the subject. Paul, my neighbor, took a bow. My sister, the littlest, was there. Ellis Island, the museum, opened in 1990.

43. COMMAS wksht D Types of interrupters: A Direct Address: speaking directly to a person or group of people Paul, take a bow please. Take a bow, Paul, please. Take a bow please, Paul.

44. EXAMPLES: Good work, students. Congratulations, track team! Help me, boys! Did you hear me, Jennifer?

45. EXAMPLES: Ladies, go home. I want you, ladies, to go home. Go home, ladies. Happy birthday, Brenden! Brenden, happy birthday.

46. COMMAS wksht D Types of interrupters: Parenthetical Expression: a side remark that could be in parenthesis; not very important, and kind of conversational Paul, by the way, took a bow. My sister, of course, was there. Ellis Island, I suppose, opened in 1990.

47. COMMAS wksht D Types of interrupters: Parenthetical Expression: a side remark that could be in parenthesis; not very important, and kind of conversational BY THE WAY I BELIEVE ON THE CONTRARY NEVERTHELESS IN FACT TO TELL THE TRUTH HOWEVER IN MY OPINION I SUPPOSE OF COURSE ON THE OTHER HAND

48. EXAMPLES First, I want to go home. Then, I want to have a snack. Yes, it will be a healthy one. But, I want ice cream. Still, I will resist the temptation.

49. COMMAS RULE 3: To set off introductory of prep phrases of 5 or more words From my house to your house, it is five miles. Near the old general store, there is a gas station.

50. COMMAS RULE 4: To set off an introductory dependent clause After she won the trophy, we celebrated.

51. DEPENDENT CLAUSE STARTERS AS UNTIL ALTHOUGH UNLESS AFTER WHEN BEFORE WHENEVER BECAUSE WHERE IF WHEREVER IN ORDER TO WHILE SINCE WHETHER

52. EXAMPLES Since you did not sleep well, you are tired. Because you are tired, you fell asleep at school. When the teacher called home, you were worried.