1. Chapter 1 Introduction 國立雲林科技大學 資訊工程研究所 張傳育(Chuan-Yu Chang ) 博士
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2. Introduction The Object of this chapter
defined the scope of image processing
Give a historical perspective
Briefly discuss the principal approaches
The components contained in a general purpose image processing

3. What is digital image processing?
An image may be defined as a 2D function f(x,y) where x, y: spatial coordinates amplitude of f(x,y) is called the intensity or gray level
Digital image
Digital image processing
Processing digital images by means of a digital computer.
The element of a digital image
Picture elements, image elements, pixel

4. What is digital image processing? (cont.)
Three types computerized processes:
Low level
Basic operations such as noise reduction, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening.
Mid-level
Segmentation, classification
High-level
Understand the meaning of the recognized objects.

5. The origins of Digital Image Processing
Historical Perspective
1920, newspaper industry
Bartlane cable picture transmission system
Reduce the time required to transport a picture across the Atlantic from more than a week to less than three hours.
Coded tape by a telegraph printer with special type faces
5 gray levels
1921
Tape punched

6. The origins of Digital Image Processing (cont.)
1929
15 gray level

7. The origins of Digital Image Processing (cont.)
A series of key advances that led to computers powerful enough to be used for digital image processing:
The invention of the transistor by Bell Lab. In 1948
The development of the high-level programming languages in the 1950s and 1960s.
The invention of the IC at Texas Instruments in 1958.
The development of OS in the early 1960s.
The development of the mP by Intel in the early 1970s.
Introduction by IBM of the PC in 1981.
Progressive miniaturization of components.

8. The origins of Digital Image Processing (cont.)
The first computer powerful enough to carry out meaningful image processing tasks appeared in the early 1960s.
1964
First picture of the moon
By spacecraft Ranger 7
July 31, 1964 at 9:09 A.M

9. The origins of Digital Image Processing (cont.)
The late 1960s and early 1970s digital image processing techniques began to be used in medical imaging, remote Earth resource observations, and astronomy.
The invention in the early 1970s of computerized tomography (CT) in one of the most events in the application of image processing in medical diagnosis.
CT was invented by Godfrey N. Hounsfield and Allan M. Cormack, who shared the 1979 Nobel prize.

10. Examples of fields that use digital image processing
The electromagnetic spectrum arranged according to energy per photon

11. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
Gamma-ray
由核子反應閥所拍攝的Gamma射線影像
天鵝座星環(Cygnus Loop)

12. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
X-ray imaging
Medical diagnostics
Industrial inspection
天鵝座星環(Cygnus Loop)

13. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
正常的玉米
黑穗病的玉米
Ultraviolet(紫外線) band imaging
Lithography(平版印刷)
Industrial inspection
Microscopy(顯微鏡)
Laser
Biological imaging
Astronomical observation(天文觀測)
紫外線是不可見光，但當紫外線的光子和螢光物質中的原子的電子碰撞後，會將電子的能量提升，最後該激發的電子會落到低能量，並發出可見的紅光。
天鵝座星環(Cygnus Loop)

14. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared bands
膽固醇(cholestrol), 40X
Taxol(一種抗癌藥劑), 250X
氧化鎳薄膜(Nickel oxide thin film), 600X

15. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
Thematic bands in NASA’s LANDSAT satellite
LANDSAT主要的目的在於從太空中獲得並傳送地球的影像，以監督地球環境的變化。

16. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)

17. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
Multispectral image of Hurricane Andrew taken by NOAA GEOS
Weather observation and prediction are major applications of multispectral imaging from satellites.

18. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
Infrared imaging
Nighttime Lights of the World
Provides a global inventory of human settlements
From NOAA DMSP satellite
From band 10.0 to 13.4 mm

19. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)

20. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
CD-ROM控制面板
檢查藥丸包裝是否良好?
Automated visual inspection of manufactured goods.
檢查塑
膠內的 氣泡
檢查瓶裝物是否充足?
眼球內
的水晶
體置換
檢查麥片是否異常?

21. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
Fingerprints
Enhance them
Find features that aid in the automated search of a database for potential matches
Paper currency
Automated license plate reading

22. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
Imaging in the Microwave Band
西藏東南方山區
(約拉薩東邊90Km)
的太空雷達影像

23. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
Imaging in the Radio Band

24. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)
巨蟹座星雲在不同頻譜的影像
地震模型剖面影像，箭頭指著碳化氫(油、氣)火山岩

25. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)

26. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)

27. Examples of fields that use digital image processing (cont.)

28. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

29. Components of an Image Processing System

30. A story of Lena

31. A story of Lena
1972 Playmate Lena whose photo became the first digital test image.
She visited the Conference of the Society for Imaging Science and Technology.

32. A story of Lena
Lena出席IS&T 50週年會議

33. A story of Lena Lena是當年(1972)的封面女郎
Lenna or Lena is the name given to a standard test image originally cropped from a Playboy magazine centerfold picture of Lena Söderberg, a Swedish model who posed nude for the November 1972 issue.

34. A story of Lena
Lena的原始圖片.bmp