1. Daily Modulation of the Dark Matter Signal in Crystalline Detectors Nassim Bozorgnia UCLA TexPoint fonts used in EMF. Read the TexPoint manual before you delete this box.: AAAAA A A AA A A A Based on work done with Graciela Gelmini and Paolo Gondolo

2. Outline Channeling and blocking in crystals Channeling effect in direct dark matter detection Basic idea for daily modulation Channeling fractions Angular distribution of recoil directions due to WIMPs Daily modulation amplitudes Future prospects for other experiments Conclusions N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

3. Channeling and blocking in crystals If an incident ion is along the symmetry axis or planes of the crystal, it will have a series of small- angle scatterings which will maintain it in the open channels. The ion will penetrate much further into the crystal than in other directions. From D. Gemmell 1974, Rev. Mod. Phys. 46, 129 Channeling: If an ion originating in the lattice sites is along the symmetry axis or planes, there is a reduction in the flux of the ion when it exits the crystal creating a “blocking dip”. Blocking: N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

4. When Na or I recoils move along a channel, their quenching factor is instead of and, since they give their energy to electrons. Channeling effect in direct DM detection Channeling in NaI: (Drobyshevski, 2007; DAMA collaboration, 2008) DAMA- Eur. Phys. J. C53, 205-2313, 2008 Quenching factor : not all of the recoil energy is detected. N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

5. Channeling effect in direct DM detection The DAMA collaboration found that the fraction of channeled recoils would be large for low recoil energies. DAMA- Eur. Phys. J. C53, 205-2313, 2008 DAMA suggests that 40% of events at 2 keV are channeled. N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

6. Channeling effect in direct DM detection Channeling changes the position of the interesting regions in the dark matter mass-cross section plane. Savage, Gelmini, Gondolo, and Freese, JCAP 0904, 010 (2009) N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

7. When that direction is aligned with a channel, the scintillation or ionization output is larger (. instead of ). Earth’s daily rotation makes the WIMP wind change direction with respect to the crystal. This would produce a daily modulation in the “measured” recoil energy (as if the quenching factor were modulated). Basic idea for daily modulation Due to channeling: (Creswick, Nussinov, Avignone, 2008, 2010) The WIMP wind comes preferentially from one direction, due to the motion of the Earth with respect to the galaxy. N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

8. In the usual rate: This daily modulation is due purely to the change of the WIMP kinetic energy in the lab frame as the Earth rotates around itself. The number and energy of WIMPs above threshold in the lab frame changes during a day. If a daily modulation is measured it would have no background! Ideal for DM search. We set out to do an analytic calculation to understand channeling and blocking for DM detection, and estimate daily modulation amplitudes. Our results are available: ▫ NaI: JCAP 11, 019 (2010), Si and Ge: JCAP 11, 028 (2010), CsI: JCAP 11, 029 (2010), Solid Xe, Ar and Ne: arXiv:1011.6006, Daily modulation: arXiv:1101.2876. Basic idea for daily modulation N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

9. What we need Consider the WIMP-nucleus elastic collision for a WIMP of mass m and a nucleus of mass M. From Gondolo 2002, Phys. Rev. D 66, 103513 recoil direction N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

10. What we need The differential event rate (in events/kg-day-keV): We need to determine the probability that an energy is measured when the recoil is in the direction with energy. The recoil nucleus can either be channeled or not channeled: where is the probability that a nucleus with recoil energy is channeled in a given direction. Channeled Not Channeled N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

11. Only one row or one plane is considered. In the direction perpendicular to the row or plane, the “transverse energy,” is conserved. Our calculations are based on classical analytic models developed in the 1960’s and 70’s, in particular Lindhard’s model (Lindhard 1965, Morgan & Van Vliet 1971, Dearnaley 1973, Gemmell 1974, Appleton & Foti 1977). We use the continuum string or plane model, in which the screened Thomas-Fermi potential is averaged over a direction parallel to the row or plane. Models of channeling N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

12. DAMA channeling fraction calculated as if ions start from the middle of the channel. Channeling of incoming particles Using the HEALPix pixalization of the sphere for incident energy of 50 keV Axial channel Planar channel For each axial channel: if For each planar channel: if N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

13. Channeling of incoming particles We integrate the channeling probability over direction to find the total fraction of channeled nuclei using the HEALPix method. We agree with DAMA results to a good approximation. Our result is based on analytic calculations with basic assumptions, whereas DAMA is using Monte Carlo. N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

14. Channeling of recoiling nuclei Recoiling nuclei start at or close to the lattice sites. In a perfect lattice no recoil would be channeled (“rule of reversibility”). However, there are channeled recoils due to lattice vibrations as already understood in the 70’s. The importance of temperature corrections is regulated by a parameter. The channeling fractions are typically smaller for larger values of. Nucleus originating from lattice Incident ion hitting nucleus N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

15. Channeling in DAMA’s NaI(Tl) is much less than previously published: Channeling fraction for NaI NB, G. Gelmini and P. Gondolo, JCAP 11, 019 (2010) DAMA- Eur. Phys. J. C53, 205- 2313, 2008 40% at 2 keV 0.4% at 2 keV N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

16. NB, G. Gelmini and P. Gondolo, JCAP 11, 028 (2010) Si, c=1Si, c=2 Ge, c=1Ge, c=2 Channeling fraction for Si and Ge N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

17. Consequences Compatibility of DAMA/LIBRA with other experiments: Then: and now (diff. at ): Savage et al. arXiv:1006.0972 N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

18. Angular distribution of recoil directions The differential recoil spectrum (in events/kg-day-keV-sr) is written in terms of the “Radon transform” of the WIMP velocity distribution (Gondolo 2002, Phys. Rev. D 66, 103513) : For a Maxwellian distribution with with respect to the Galaxy: We need to orient the nuclear recoil direction with respect to. N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

19. Daily modulation amplitudes Relative signal modulation amplitude: We have explored the parameter space for different recoil energies and WIMP masses. We find 10% in some cases. Example of daily modulation due to channeling in NaI: N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

20. Could it be observed in DAMA? Detectability of the daily modulation depends on the exposure of DAMA: 1.17 ton year To observe the daily modulation at the level: “high-rate” bin“low-rate” bin Total number of events For small modulation: Detector exposure Bin width N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

21. Could it be observed in DAMA? The large daily modulation amplitudes we predict are not observable at (not even at ). In an experiment with smaller background, the observability condition is easier to satisfy. For the most favorable case to be observable: With the current total rate of DAMA (dominated by background), we need: N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

22. Future prospects for other experiments Assuming negligible background: For light WIMPs the cross section can be larger than for heavier ones without violating experimental bounds, and this favors the detection of the daily modulation. DetectorE (keVee)m (GeV)σ p (cm 2 )MT (ton year) Solid Ne10510 -39 0.33 Ge2710 -41 11 Solid Ne2510 -39 0.8 Liquid Ne14510 -39 3.4 Liquid Xe3510 -39 0.09 Liquid Ar8510 -39 0.9 in the usual rate due to channeling Preliminary N. Bozorgnia, UCLA

23. Channeling of recoiling nuclei and incident particles have different mechanisms. We were able to reproduce DAMA results for incident ions, but for recoiling nuclei the channeling fraction is much smaller, and strongly temperature dependent due to blocking. We have studied the possibility of a daily modulation due to channeling or in the usual non-channeled rate. In both cases it would be a background free signature of dark matter. We find large modulation amplitudes for NaI which are not observable in DAMA. The daily modulation might be detectable in other experiments with smaller background or larger exposure. We intend to further explore the observability of the daily modulation for different halo components such as streams or a thick disk. Conclusions Nassim Bozorgnia, UCLA

24. Additional

25. Channeling and blocking in crystals NaI or CsI crystals (fcc) Si or Ge crystals (fcc diamond) I Na