1. Resistance and the Catholic Counter Reformation

2. The Political Battle over Lutheranism Lutheranism spread throughout northern Germany and into Scandinavia Emperor Charles V resisted –Wanted to preserve religious unity –Allied with the Pope Unable to do so because of: –Habsburg-Valois Wars –And a Turkish threat in Hungary

3. Habsburg (Hapsburg) Lands

4. The Peasant’s War (German Peasants Revolt) Twelve Articles –Peasants demanded end of serfdom, tithes, etc. –Inspired by Luther’s teachings Luther does not support them –Demands that they obey their princes –Encourages the princes to stamp out revolt As many as 100,000 peasants died

5. Resistance in Germany League of Schmalkalden, 1531 –Formed by the new Protestant princes to resist the invasion of Charles V –Francis I of France allies with the League Habsburg-Valois Wars –Five wars between 1521-1555 –France tried to keep Germany divided Charles is forced to give up uniting Germany in Catholicism

7. The Peace of Augsburg, 1555 Princes in Germany could choose wither Protestantism or Catholicism –People were permitted to move into new states according to religion Permanent religious divide- not until 1871 will they unite

8. The Catholic Counter Reformation and the Catholic Reformation

9. The Catholic Counter Reformation Pope Paul III (1534- 1549) –Did not institute new doctrines but attempted to reform the church through existing doctrine –Response to Protestantism and critics who said the church should be reformed

10. The Council of Trent 3 sessions 1545-1563 Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions and the writings of the Church Fathers Salvation by both “good works” and faith All 7 sacraments were valid Monasticism Celibacy of the clergy Purgatory reaffirmed

11. Reforms The Index of Forbidden Books –Books that supported Protestantism –Any one caught with these books could be punished severely Reformed –Sale of indulgences –Sale of church offices –Bishops given greater control over the clergy –Seminaries established to train priests

12. New Religious Orders The Jesuits (Soceity of Jesus) –Goals To reform the church through education Spread the Gospel to pagan peoples Fight Protestantism –Ignatious Loyola- founder –Organized in a military fashion –Oversaw the Spanish and Italian Inquisitions Persecution of Jews and Muslims

13. Results Brought southern Gemany and eastern Europe back to Catholicism Heresy stamped out in the Papal States and Italy –Inquisition Jesuit schools became some of the finest in Europe