1. Sixteenth-Century Reformation

2. The Reformation began as a protest by churchmen and scholars against existing Church practices and their own superiors. These reformers did not view their actions as a “break with the church,” but as a challenge to papal authority.

3. The Sixteenth-Century Reformation I. The Luther Affair II. Luther’s Message III. Religious Pluralism: Responses to the Reformers

4. I. The Luther Affair 1. Who was Martin Luther? 2. The Indulgence Controversy 3. Luther’s Political Protection: Frederick Duke of Saxony (An Imperial Elector) 4. A Public Affair –Leipzig Disputation (1519) –On the Freedom of a Christian (1520) –The Diet of Worms (1521); a meeting of the Imperial representative assembly

5. II. Luther’s Message 1. The Problem of Salvation 2. Human Nature and Human Relations to God 3. Sola fide (Salvation by Faith Alone): A Radical Emphasis on Faith over Works –Faith is the unmerited gift of God’s grace 4. Sola scriptura (Scripture Alone): The Importance of the Bible over Tradition 5. From Seven Sacraments to Two

6. 1. Baptism 2. Confirmation (X) 3. Eucharist/Communion-->Lord’s Supper 4. Penance/Confession (X) 5. Last Rites/Anointing the Sick (X) 6. Ordination/Holy Orders (X) 7. Marriage (X)

7. III. Religious Pluralism: Responses to the Reformers 1. Papal Response 2. Popular Response –The Printing Revolution –“The Reformation of the Cities” 3. Disputes Among the Reformers –What was a sacrament and how should it be understood? –A Priesthood of All Believers?

8. IV. Social and Political Consequences of the Reformation 1. The “Priesthood of all Believers” 2. “Reformation of the Cities” 3. The Radical Reformation –Anabaptists (Re-baptizers) 4. The German Peasants’ Revolt (1525) 5. Reformation of the Princes –Diet of Speyer 1526; emperor allows princes to decide religion in their territories –Formation of Protestant Defensive Alliance (Schmalkaldic League 1531)

10. 3. The Radical Reformation Anabaptists (many diverse groups) –Adult baptism –Sought to create “Holy Communities” –Separation from the State (refused to serve in government, swear oaths, pay taxes, fight in armies) –Elimination of private property & shared wealth –Millenarianism (End of the World) Melchior Hoffman

11. 4. German Peasants’ War Mid to late 1524 spontaneous rural demonstrations and formation of peasant assemblies and then armed and organized bands 1525 appeal to the “Word of God” as justification of the revolt and creation of supra-territorial alliances “Christian Assembly” and “Christian Union of Swabia” Peasant Demands –Economic burdens: rents, fees, services, taxes, and tithes –Infringement of local self-government –Religious reform Response of the Princes and Lords Response –Concessions and Coercion and Military Force mid to late 1525

12. English Monarchs: A Reformation From Above? Henry VIII (1509-1547) –Parliamentary Act of Supremacy 1534; Opponents executed (Thomas More) –Confiscation of monastic property 1536/45 –Pilgrimage of Grace Uprisings (1536-37) Edward VI (1547-1553) –Banned “superstitious practices” (Church Alters) 1547 –Act of Uniformity & Convocation of the Clergy endorsed Book of Common Prayer (1549); produced uprisings –Creed: Forty-Two Articles (Bishop Thomas Cranmer)

13. Henry’s Wives and Children Catherine of Aragon; marriage annulled – Mary Anne Boleyn; executed for adultery, incest, and witchcraft – Elizabeth I Jane Seymour; died in childbirth – Edward VI Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled Catherine Howard; executed for infidelity (Catholic Howard family, niece of the Duke of Norfolk) Catherine Parr; survived Henry