1. Data Types, Variables, and Arithmetic Java Methods A & AB Object-Oriented Programming and Data Structures Maria Litvin ● Gary Litvin Copyright © 2006 by Maria Litvin, Gary Litvin, and Skylight Publishing. All rights reserved. int chapter = 6;

2. 6-2 Objectives: Discuss primitive data types Learn how to declare fields and local variables Learn about arithmetic operators, compound assignment operators, and increment / decrement operators Discuss common mistakes in arithmetic

3. 6-3 Variables A variable is a “named container” that holds a value. q = 100 - q; means:  1. Read the current value of q  2. Subtract it from 100  3. Move the result back into q count 5 mov ax,q mov bx,100 sub bx,ax mov q,bx

4. 6-4 Variables (cont’d) Variables can be of different data types: int, char, double, boolean, etc. Variables can hold objects; then the type is the class of the object. The programmer gives names to variables. Names of variables usually start with a lowercase letter.

5. 6-5 Variables (cont’d) A variable must be declared before it can be used: int count; double x, y; JButton go; Walker amy; String firstName; Type Name(s)

6. 6-6 Variables (cont’d) The assignment operator = sets the variable’s value: count = 5; x = 0; go = new JButton("Go"); firstName = args[0];

7. 6-7 Variables (cont’d) A variable can be initialized in its declaration: int count = 5; JButton go = new JButton("Go"); String firstName = args[0];

8. 6-8 Variables: Scope Each variable has a scope — the area in the source code where it is “visible.” If you use a variable outside its scope, the compiler reports a syntax error. Variables can have the same name when their scopes do not overlap. { int k =...;... } for (int k =...) {... }

9. 6-9 Fields Fields are declared outside all constructors and methods. Fields are usually grouped together, either at the top or at the bottom of the class. The scope of a field is the whole class.

10. 6-10 Fields (cont’d) public class SomeClass { } Fields Constructors and methods Scope public class SomeClass { } Fields Constructors and methods Scope Or:

11. 6-11 Local Variables Local variables are declared inside a constructor or a method. Local variables lose their values and are destroyed once the constructor or the method is exited. The scope of a local variable is from its declaration down to the closing brace of the block in which it is declared.

12. 6-12 Local Variables (cont’d) public class SomeClass {... public SomeType SomeMethod (...) { }... } Scope Local variable declared

13. 6-13 Variables (cont’d) Use local variables whenever appropriate; never use fields where local variables should be used. Give prominent names to fields, so that they are different from local variables. Use the same name for local variables that are used in similar ways in different methods (for example, x, y for coordinates, count for a counter, i, k for indices, etc.).

14. 6-14 Variables (cont’d) Common mistakes: public void someMethod (...) { int x = 0;... int x = 5; // should be: x = 5;... Variable declared twice within the same scope — syntax error

15. 6-15 Variables (cont’d) Common mistakes: private double radius;... public Circle (...) // constructor { double radius = 5;... Declares a local variable radius; the value of the field radius remains 0.0

16. 6-16 Primitive Data Types int double char boolean byte short long float Used in Java Methods

17. 6-17 Strings String is not a primitive data type Strings work like any other objects, with two exceptions:  Strings in double quotes are recognized as literal constants  + and += concatenate strings (or a string and a number or an object, which is converted into a string) "Catch " + 22"Catch 22"

18. 6-18 Literal Constants 'A', '+', '\n', '\t' - 99, 2010, 0 0.75, - 12.3, 8.,.5 “coin.gif", "1776", "y", "\n" new line tab char int double String

19. 6-19 Symbolic Constants Symbolic constants are initialized final variables: private final int stepLength = 48; private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 1024; public static final int PIXELS_PER_INCH = 6;

20. 6-20 Why Symbolic Constants? Easy to change the value throughout the program, if necessary Easy to change into a variable More readable, self-documenting code Additional data type checking by the compiler

21. 6-21 Arithmetic Operators: +, -, /, *, % The precedence of operators and parentheses is the same as in algebra m % n means the remainder when m is divided by n (for example, 17 % 5 is 2; 2 % 8 is 2) % has the same rank as / and * Same-rank binary operators are performed in order from left to right

22. 6-22 Arithmetic (cont’d) The type of the result is determined by the types of the operands, not their values; this rule applies to all intermediate results in expressions. If one operand is an int and another is a double, the result is a double; if both operands are ints, the result is an int.

23. 6-23 Arithmetic (cont’d) Caution: if a and b are ints, then a / b is truncated to an int… 17 / 5 gives 3 3 / 4 gives 0 …even if you assign the result to a double: double ratio = 2 / 3; The double type of the result doesn’t help: ratio still gets the value 0.0.

24. 6-24 Arithmetic (cont’d) To get the correct double result, use double constants or the cast operator: double ratio = 2.0 / 3; double ratio = 2 / 3.0; int m =..., n =...; double factor = (double)m / (double)n; double factor = (double)m / n; double r2 = n / 2.0; Casts

25. 6-25 Arithmetic (cont’d) A cast to int can be useful: int ptsOnDie = (int)(Math.random() * 6) + 1; int miles = (int)(km * 1.61 + 0.5); Returns a double Converts kilometers to miles, rounded to the nearest integer

26. 6-26 Arithmetic (cont’d) Caution: the range for ints is from - 2 31 to 2 31 - 1 (about - 2·10 9 to 2·10 9 ) Overflow is not detected by the Java compiler or interpreter: n = 8 10^n = 100000000 n! = 40320 n = 9 10^n = 1000000000 n! = 362880 n = 10 10^n = 1410065408 n! = 3628800 n = 11 10^n = 1215752192 n! = 39916800 n = 12 10^n = -727379968 n! = 479001600 n = 13 10^n = 1316134912 n! = 1932053504 n = 14 10^n = 276447232 n! = 1278945280

27. 6-27 Arithmetic (cont’d) Compound assignment operators: a = a + b; a += b; a = a - b; a - = b; a = a * b; a *= b; a = a / b; a /= b; a = a % b; a %= b; Increment and decrement operators: a = a + 1; a++; a = a - 1; a -- ; Do not use these in larger expressions

28. 6-28 From Numbers to Strings The easiest way to convert x into a string is to concatenate x with an empty string: String s = x + ""; The same rules apply to System.out.print(x) 'A' 123 - 1.1 3.14 Math.PI "A" "123" " - 1" "0.1" "3.14" "3.141592653589793" Empty string

29. 6-29 From Objects to Strings The toString method is called: public class Fraction { private int num, denom;... public String toString () { return num + "/" + denom; } Fraction f = new Fraction (2, 3); System.out. println (f) ; Output: 2/3 f.toString() is called automatically

30. 6-30 Review: What is a variable? What is the type of a variable that holds an object? What is meant by the scope of a variable? What is the scope of a field? What is the scope of a local variable?

31. 6-31 Review (cont’d): Is it OK to give the same name to variables in different methods? Is it OK to give the same name to a field and to a local variable of the same class? What is the range for ints? When is a cast to double used?

32. 6-32 Review (cont’d): Given double dF = 68.0; double dC = 5 / 9 * (dF - 32); what is the value of dC? When is a cast to int used? Should compound assignment operators be avoided?