1. AP WORLD HISTORY NOTES CHAPTER 16 RELIGION AND SCIENCE (1450-1750) The Scientific Revolution

3. Intellectual and cultural transformation  Began in Europe  Mid-1500s to early 1700s Knowledge acquired through: careful observations, controlled experiments, the formulation of general laws, and mathematical expressions No more reliance on: the authority of the Bible, the Church, the speculations of ancient philosophers, or the received wisdom of cultural tradition

4. The Question of Origins: Why Europe? 12 th and 13 th centuries = Europeans developed a legal system that gave a measure of independence to a variety of institutions  Ex: the Church; towns and cities; workers’ guilds; professional organizations; universities Independence for universities = scholars had the freedom to pursue their studies without interference from the Church or political authorities Most of the major figures in the Scientific Revolution = trained in or affiliated with these universities Cambridge University in England

5. Why Not the Islamic World? Focus in colleges/universities = Quranic studies and religious law  Science was studied outside the formal system of higher education Religious scholars = viewed science and philosophy with suspicion  To them = Quran holds all the wisdom  Science might challenge the Quran  Science and philosophy lead to uncertainty and confusion

6. Why Not China? Chinese education = focused on preparing males for the civil service examinations  Focused on classical Confucian texts Chinese authorities = did not allow independent institutions of learning where scholars could pursue their studies freely

7. Nicolaus Copernicus ( Doc #1) Polish astronomer Started his career at University of Krakow in Poland in 1492 At the forefront of the Scientific Revolution Started at a time when few people dared to question old beliefs and superstitions

8. Nicolaus Copernicus Believed the Earth was round & that it rotated around the sun Said the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe Challenged the idea that the Earth was unique and at the center of God’s attention

9. Document #2 John Calvin Protestant Theologian Calvin compromises the values of religion of science and religion by identifying religious text and the fact that Moses viewed man’s ability to have “common sense” and the “ability to understand” and argues that this “study should not be prohibited” and argues that astronomy is useful and “unfolds the admirable wisdom of God” his purpose is to support the study of astronomy in the face of religious obstructionism. An additional document from a Protestant astronomer would illustrate the perceived cooperation between church and science.

10. Johannes Kepler German astronomer & mathematician Protestant Used math formulas to show that the planets revolved around the sun Planets moved in ellipses = ovals Planets don’t always travel at the same speed - move faster as they approach the sun

11. Johannes Kepler

12. Document #3 Giovanni Ciampoli Italian Monk, letter to Galileo 1615 Starts of somewhat cordial in terms of Galileo’s “opinion” of “light and shade on the clear spotted surfaces of the moon” then criticizes him for “deferring to the authority of those who have jurisdiction over the human intellect in matters of the interpretation of scripture. This serves as a warning to Galileo that he is clearly defying Church doctrine (Dogma) which carries a harsh punishment (Galileo will summarily be put under house arrest)

13. Galileo Galilei Italian mathematician Improved the telescope to make it more powerful  Observed: sunspots, mountains on the moon, Jupiter’s moons Created the pendulum clock 1636 = published ideas on physics, astronomy, etc.  Book banned by the Catholic Church

14. Galileo Galilei Faced heated opposition by the Catholic Church Placed under house arrest for 50 years  Where he made most of his discoveries & achievements

15. Trial of Galileo

16. Document #4 Francis Bacon (plan to reorganize the sciences)1620 His purpose is to help identify why lack of progress has been made in the sciences (perhaps intimating that certain forces have gotten in the way). He goes on the argue about the potential and power in new discoveries. His audience would be religious obstructionists as he is strongly urging a change in scientific perception.

17. Document #5 Marin Mersenne, French monk and natural philosopher letter to his noble patron A patron (during the Renaissance is someone who financially supported the works of scientists, artists and other creative works)This letter confirms Galileo’s works and his purpose is to reaffirm the validity (truth) of his experiments but his tone states that he is willing to remove whatever his patron(audience) says so as not to offend him.

18. Document #6 Henry Oldenbury, Secretary of the English Royal Society letter to German scientist Johannes Hevelius 1663 T his letter from a state supported scientific community illustrates the new social shift in cooperation for the purpose of the “elucidation of the truth” and gain broader scientific insight whereas this might have gotten individuals in trouble for conspiring to question tradition and authority.

19. Document #11 Gottfried Leibniz, German Philosopher, New System of nature. 1695 The purpose is the align the beliefs of Christianity with those of science looking at God who is like a father and provides natural laws which man must utilize scientific principles to allow the human mind to understand for the “happiness of good and the punishment of evil”

20. Sir Isaac Newton( Additional doc) British scientist Below average student at Cambridge University Explored the most complicated mathematics of his day Studied Copernicus & Galileo

21. Sir Isaac Newton 1665 = plague closed his university & he was forced to go home to his family Sitting in his garden one day, he saw an apple fall -- helped him develop his theory of gravity 1687 = published theories about gravity  Prevents objects from flying off the Earth; also holds the solar system together

22. Sir Isaac Newton Formulated modern laws of motion and mechanics Developed calculus = system of math that calculates changing forces or quantities Proved that math can be used to explain the universe

23. Rene Descartes French philosopher & mathematician Truth gained through mathematics and logical deduction (reason) Invented analytic geometry Famous quote = “I think, therefore I am.”

24. William Harvey English physician Concluded that blood circulates throughout the body, pumped by the heart and returning through the veins Before = people thought the liver digested food & processed it into blood

25. Robert Hooke English scientist Discovered the cell Used new microscope -- recognized cells in vegetable tissues

26. Robert Boyle Irish chemist Established chemistry as a pure science Proved air wasn’t a basic element Defined what an element is = something that can’t be broken down into simpler parts Challenged alchemy = trying to turn lead into gold

27. Joseph Priestley English chemist & clergyman Did experiments about the properties of air and discovered the existence of oxygen His studies on carbon dioxide led to his invention of carbonated drinks (like soda)