1. Law in Action – Ch. 14

2. Tort = a civil wrong; damage to property or a personal injury caused by another person Unintentional Torts = injuries that are the result of an accident or an action that was not intended to cause harm Negligence = careless conduct that causes forseeable harm to another person This is the most common unintentional tort E.g: pushing a friend into a pool – they hit their head and have a concussion and cannot work for 2 weeks Your actions were negligent – you should have forseen that your actions might cause an injury

3. In order for a defendant (person accused of causing a tort) to be found negligent, certain factors must be proven by the plaintiff (person suing for damages): Stage 1: Plaintiff must prove that the defendant owed the plaintiff a “duty of care” – an obligation to avoid careless actions that could cause harm Neighbour principle – owing a duty of care not to harm his/her neighbour by being careless/negligent Foreseeability – the ability of a reasonable person to anticipate the consequences of their actions

4. Stage 2: If the court decides the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care, it must decide how much was owed The court must also decide a “standard of care” – what is the degree of caution expected of a reasonable person? Is there a specialized standard of care? Those with special skills, training, expertise E.g: engineers, lawyers – “professional liability” Medical practitioners cannot work on patients without their consent – must be “informed” & no pressure Must disclose procedures or “medical negligence”

5. **Children have a special status under the law – they can be held responsible for damages they cause…but the court recognizes they do not necessarily have the wisdom or experience to foresee how actions might cause injuries They have a different “standard of care” than adults Parents CAN be held liable for negligence if they do not supervise or train their kids Parents often have liability insurance ON and MB have laws that hold parents responsible for torts caused by their kids

6. Stage 3: A plaintiff must prove that the defendants actions actually caused the injuries/loss suffered Cause in fact – if an injury would not have happened “but for” the defendants actions Connection between action & injury Remoteness of damage – harm that could not have been foreseen by the defendant No connection between action & injury Intervening act – an event that interrupts the chain of events begun by the defendant – this changes liability Thin skull rule – the defendant is liable for damages caused by negligence even if there was a pre-existing condition that made the plaintiff more prone to injury

7. Special Types of Liability: Product liability- negligence on the part of manufacturers Occupier’s liability – responsibility of owners/renters to ensure no one is injured on their property must not be “allurements” on your property! Hosts – people who serve alcohol have a duty of care to guests Vicarious liability – employers responsib. for employees Automobile negligence – torts caused by traffic accidents Read p. 381-383 – “Defences to Negligence” on your own…