1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail: upali@latech.edu Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: 318-257-4941; Office Hours: MTW 8:00 - 10:00 am; ThF 9:00 - 10:00 am 1:00 - 2:00 pm. December 18, 2015: Test 1 (Chapters 12-13) January 25, 2016: Test 2 (Chapters 14-16) February 17, 2016: Test 3 (Chapters 17-19) February 29, 2016: Test 4 (Chapters 20-22) March 1, 2016: Make Up Exam: Chapters 12-22) Bring Scantron Sheet 882-E Chemistry 121(001) Winter 2016 1

2. Slides & GHW Questions GHW#1 2

3. Chapter 12. Saturated Hydrocarbons 12.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds, 341 12.2 Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom, 342 12.3 Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Derivatives, 342 12.4 Alkanes: Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons, 343 12.5 Structural Formulas, 344 12.6 Alkane Isomerism, 346 12.7 Conformations of Alkanes, 348 12.8 IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes, 350 12.9 Line-Angle Structural Formulas for Alkanes, 356 12.10 Classification of Carbon Atoms, 358 12.11 Branched-Chain Alkyl Groups, 359 12.12 Cycloalkanes, 361 12.13 IUPAC Nomenclature for Cycloalkanes, 362 12.14 Isomerism in Cycloalkanes, 363 12.15 Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, 365 12.16 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, 367 12.17 Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, 368 12.18 Halogenated Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, 371

4. 1. Circle the correct compound type (ionic or covalent) for the following: formula compound type a) NBr 3 (ionic or covalent) b) NaCl (ionic or covalent) c) C 2 H 5 OH(inorganic or organic) d) NH 4 NO 3 (inorganic or organic) CHEM 121 Winter 20164

5. Shapes of Atomic Orbitals – A s orbital consists of sphere with the center at the nucleus – A p orbital consists of two lobes arranged in a straight line with the center at the nucleus CHEM 121 Winter 2016

6. Shapes of p Atomic Orbitals – A p orbital consists of two lobes arranged in a straight line with the center at the nucleus CHEM 121 Winter 2016

7. Hybridizations of Atomic Orbitals – sp 3 tetrahedral 108.9  – sp 2 trigonal planar 120  – sp linear 180  CHEM 121 Winter 2016

8. Electronic Configuration of atoms Ground state electronic configuration Ground state electronic configuration of atoms in core format Carbon (C): [He] 2s 2, 2p 2 or [He] 2s 2, 2p x 1 3p y 1 3p z 0 Potassium (K): [Ar] 4s 1 Phosphorous (P):[Ne] 3s 2, 3p 3 Valence shell electronic configuration Carbon (C): 3s 2, 3p 2 Potassium (K): 4s 1 Phosphorous (P):3s 2, 3p 3 How you get the electronic configuration of an atom from the periodic table? CHEM 121 Winter 2016

9. 2.For the atoms and ions below, circle the correct ground state valence electron configuration of carbon in core format: a)Carbon (C): 2s 2, 2p x 1 2p y 1 2p z 1 b)Carbon (C): 4s 1 or 3s 2, 3p 6 c)Carbon (C):[Ne] 3s 2, 3p 3 d) Carbon (C):[He] 2s 2, 2p x 1 2p y 1 2p z 0 9 CHEM 121 Winter 2016

10. Lewis structure of atoms (Review) CHEM 121 Winter 2016

11. a) N b) C 3. Circle the Lewis structures of the following atoms: 11 CHEM 121 Winter 2016

12. Drawing Lewis structure molecules and ions (Review) 1)Add all valence electron 1)Add all valence electron of atoms in the molecule from the formula. Add the ion charge 2) Add the ion charge for negative ions or subtract for positive ions. Draw the skeletal structure 3) Draw the skeletal structure by connecting the atoms with single bonds. Give each of the atoms an octet 4) Give each of the atoms an octet (8 e-). Adding unshared pairs of electrons Count the total number of e- 5) Count the total number of e- used through step 4 and compare to the number calculated in CHEM 121 Winter 2016

13. a) CH 3 OH 4. Circle the correct Lewis structure for following compounds: 13CHEM 121 Winter 2016

14. Electronegativities of Elements Electronegativity The ability of one atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. H-O-H

15. Classify following bonds nonpolar-covalent, polar-covalent or ionic bonds N-H 3.0 and 2.1 = 0.9 O-H 3.5 and 2.1 = 1.4 C-H 2.5 and 2.1 = 0.4 C-F 2.5 and 4.0 = 2.5 Na-Cl 0.9 and 3.0 = 2.1 Al-Cl 1.5 and 3.0 = 1.5 Pure Covalent: 0-0.4 Polar Covalent: 0.5-1.5 Ionic Bond: <1.5 CHEM 121 Winter 2016

16. 5. Circle the most polar bond in the following molecule : 16 CHEM 121 Winter 2016

17. Classifying Organic Compounds Examples Functional Group Ending Hydrocarbons (CH) & single bonds only -ane ( Chapter 12) Haloalkane(CFC) X R-X (F,Cl) -ane ( Chapter 12) Unsaturated (HC) & double bonds -ene ( Chapter 13) Alcohol OH R-OH -ol ( Chapter 14) Ethers OR R-OR -ether ( Chapter 14) Aldehydes CHO R-CHO -al ( Chapter 15) Ketones C=O R(C=O)R’ -one ( Chapter 15) Carboxylic Acids COOH R-COOH -oic acid acid ( Chapter 16) Esters COOR’ R-COOR’ -oate ( Chapter 16) Amines NH 2 R-NH 2 -amine ( Chapter 17) Amide COONH 2 R-COONH 2 -amide ( Chapter 17) CHEM 121 Winter 2016

18. Types of formula for organic compounds Chemical (Molecular) formula: Indicate the kind and number of each type of atom in the molecule. Condensed formula: Shows skeletal atoms in a molecule and places them in a sequential order that indicates bonding. Structural formula: Shows each atom and bonds in a molecule. Line-angle formula: The hydrogen atoms are removed from carbon chains, leaving just a carbon line skeleton with functional groups attached to it. CHEM 121 Winter 2016

19. Alicyclic (no rings) Alkanes Are saturated hydrocarbons: Noncyclic alkanes: Noncyclic alkanes: General molecular formula, C n H 2n+2 Structural formula: CHEM 121 Winter 2016

20. 6. Name the functional group in each of the following molecules 20 CHEM 121 Winter 2016

21. 7) Give the formulas for each of the following: a) i) Molecular formula: ii) Condensed formula: 21CHEM 121 Winter 2016

22. 7) Give the formulas for each of the following: b) i) Molecular formula: ii) Condensed formula: iii) Line-angle formula: 22CHEM 121 Winter 2016

23. 8) Give the following for an straight alkane with five carbons atoms i) Molecular formula: ii) Condensed formula: iii) Line-angel formula: iv) IUPAC name: 23CHEM 121 Winter 2016

24. 24 General molecular formula: C n H 2n+2 All bond angles about tetrahedral carbon are approximately 109.5° Nomenclature: Unbranched or straight chain alkanes CHEM 121 Winter 2016

25. Nomenclature: Unbranched or straight chain alkanes General molecular formula: C n H 2n+2 All bond angles about tetrahedral carbon are approximately 109.5° CHEM 121 Winter 2016

26. Rules of IUPAC Nomenclature of Branched Alkanes Parent name: the longest carbon chain Substituent: a group bonded to the parent chain Alkyl group: a substituent derived by removal of a hydrogen from an alkane; given the symbol R- written in alphabetical order CH 4 becomes CH 3 - (methyl) CH 3 CH 3 becomes CH 3 CH 2 - (ethyl) Prefixes: di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are not included in alphabetization CHEM 121 Winter 2016

27. Common alkyl groups CHEM 121 Winter 2016

28. 9) IUPAC name of the following branched alkane: 28 CHEM 121 Winter 2016

29. 10) Give the names of following alkyl groups: 29CHEM 121 Winter 2016