1. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRON. LAW INTRODUCTION Prof David K. Linnan Class One - LAW A545 03/29/04

2. INT’L ENVIRON LAW WHAT IS INT’L LAW? WHAT ARE DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW? WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW?

3. PUBLIC INT’L LAW NATURE OF SYSTEM, IS IT ABOUT STATES VERSUS INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS? WHO OR WHAT CAN MAKE A CLAIM, AND WHERE? IS THERE A PERMANENT JUDICIAL BODY WITH MANDATORY JURISDICTION AKA WORLD COURT? IS THERE A CENTRAL ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY AKA SHERIFF? WHO “MAKES” THE LAW AKA LEGISLATURE?

4. PUBLIC INT’L LAW Differing approaches floating around past 100 years (like styles of constitutional law) 1.Traditional law between nations (state centered, hidden sovereignty ideas) 2.Human rights law post WW II (individual rights ideas, but also issues social & economic versus political & civil rights, natural law reborn?)

5. PUBLIC INT’L LAW Differing approaches floating around past 100 years (like styles of constitutional law) Cont’d 3.Increasing emphasis on multilateral organizations (League of Nations 1919, UN Charter 1945, structural issues of independent organizational life versus member political control and obligations/rights distinctions) 4.Changing int’l scene introducing different groups of states and views (e.g., Socialist states, ex-colonies)

6. PUBLIC INT’L LAW Differing approaches floating around past 100 years (like styles of constitutional law) Cont’d 5.Increasing legalization of numerous areas like international economic law (EU, NAFTA, GATT/WTO, IMF, World Bank) or environmental law, “third generation” human rights law in terms of youth, gender, sustainable development, etc. 6.Increasing judicialisation attempted (e.g., ICC and Rome Treaty, ad hoc tribunals for Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda)

7. PUBLIC INT’L LAW Differing approaches floating around past 100 years (like styles of constitutional law) Cont’d 7.Media & pressure groups (NGOs) increasingly try to affect int’l behavior often through the domestic political process 8.Int’l relations cross-over into politics (e.g., hegemon-speak, battles of civilizations, preemptive war doctrines)

8. PUBLIC INT’L LAW Differing approaches floating around past 100 years (like styles of constitutional law) Cont’d 9.Intellectual attempts at recasting into self- enforcing structure (e.g., Draft Code on State Responsibility)

9. PUBLIC INT’L LAW What is sovereignty, and what are its pluses and minuses conceptually? Self-preservation and preemptive war post-9/11 Nature of global environmental probs

10. PUBLIC INT’L LAW Communalism and economic interdependence are currently trendy concepts, what about them? Community of nations, etc. as alleged European view post 9/11)? What is Bush Administration view re Kyoto & global warming, and why?

11. PUBLIC INT’L LAW Where do development, distributional justice and path dependency fit ? UN Charter & economic prosperity’s failure from a developing country perspective

12. INT’L ENVIRON LAW INT'L VERSUS NAT'L LAW, CONCEPT INT'L ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, NOT TRADITIONAL COMMAND & CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW SINCE THERE IS NO CENTRAL INTERNATIONAL LAW SOVEREIGN, LAW AS “VOLUNTARY” IN THEORY

13. INT’L ENVIRON LAW PROBLEM IS TRADITIONALLY LAW CREATION SINCE INTERNATIONAL LAW ALLOWS FOR NO RULES ABSENT PERMITTED FORMATION (SO RECENT CONCERNS MOSTLY ABOUT HOW TO CREAT THE LAW RATHER THAN EXACT SUBSTANCE-- WITNESS GLOBAL WARMING CONTROVERSY) IS INT’L LAW “LAW” OR “POLICY” AND DOES IT MATTER?

14. BASIC INT’L LAW CONCEPTS NATURE OF INT'L LEGAL SYSTEM 1.WHO ARE PLAYERS (SUBJECTS OF INT'L LAW/STATES TRAD./NGOs IMPORTANTLY FOR INT’L ENVIRONMENTAL LAW) 2.SOVEREIGNTY & LACK OF ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM 3.DECENTRALIZED, MEANING ALSO TRAD. NOCOURTS/SHERIFF 4.CAN YOU GET TO PARTS PER MILLION LEVEL, AND HOW?

15. SOURCES OF LAW CLASSIC INT'L LAW SOURCES 1.TREATIES (AGREEMENTS WITH VS. WITHOUT LEGAL FORCE) 2.CUSTOMARY LAW (BEHAVIOR UNDER LEGAL COMPULSION & OPINIO JURIS) 3.GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 4.BEST (ACADEMIC) WRITINGS

16. SOURCES OF LAW Treaty, express agreement written or oral [int’l law treaty different from full US constitutional treaty with Senate supermajority vote] Bilateral versus multilateral, now organic constitutional making own rules (problem negotiating up front versus longer term governance in technical areas Issues now of treaties leading to legal effects on non-members

17. SOURCES OF LAW Customary Law (opinion juris & state practice) How long to form, how specific in its dictates?

18. SOURCES OF LAW General Principles of Law Substantive vs. procedure problems Problem of hidden preference over customary law, but problem rather with customary law

19. SOURCES OF LAW Two sometimes alternate categories attempted, wistful thinking unless you are a multilateral Soft law & general principles claims (eg, what amounts to best practice), eg http://www4.worldbank.org/legal/legen/legen_iel.h tml International environmental law on model of human rights law (probably general principles), eg http://www.ciel.org/Publications/olpaper3.html

20. SOURCES OF LAW What are the PROs & CONs of law formation for int’l environmental law under 1)Treaty 2)Customary Law 3)General Principles 4)Other Eg, what are the nature of underlying problems and how do they interact with options?

21. BASIC CONCEPTS LAW CREATION WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO MAKE LAW IN A DETAILED TECHNICAL AREA WITH UNCERTAINTY ON SCIENCE & ECONOMICS? What are the default rules, why? Probably treaty, but why?

22. BASIC CONCEPTS LAW CREATION WHO OWNS WHAT & HOW? WHO ALLOCATES OWNERSHIP? WHO EXERCISES CONTROL OVER RESOURCES/REGULATION & HOW? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POLICY & LAW FOR THESE PURPOSES?