1. Spain in America: 1492-1700s

2. Big Picture Spain unified when Ferdinand (of Aragon) married Isabella (of Castille) Columbus colonized Hispañola Spanish created colonial empire from southern South America to California and American Southwest Cortés colonized Aztecs (Mexico) Pizarro colonized Incas (Peru) Native Americans died through disease and warfare (90% died) “ Columbian Exchange:” plants and animals spread between America and Europe

3. Diamond: “Guns, Germs, Steel” Europeans dominated peoples of other continents because Europeans: –Developed with “Big 5” domesticated animals and major grains (wheat, oats, barley) –Domesticated animals passed disease to Europeans, who developed immunities –High food production in Europe allowed specialization of labor: jobs like metallurgy, soldiers, ships, guns, etc. –Few domesticable animals lived in the Americas: Americans had less specialization, metalurgy, diseases, etc.

4. Spanish Colonization Failed efforts in East were searches for wealth and slaves No gold or empires found in North (Found gold in Mexico and Peru) Established colonies in Florida, Southwest, and California Hacienda: large plantation, usually for cattle or crops Encomienda: permission to control native people on land as slaves Spanish married Native Americans, creating hierarchy Peninsulares born in Spain Criollos: Spanish, but born in America Mestizos: children of Spanish and Native Americans San Miguel in Santa Fe is the oldest church in the US (1610)

5. California Spanish explored area during 1500s and 1600s Missions of Alta (Upper) California created to colonize California and to protect it from England and Russia King Carlos III paid for missions which were run by Franciscan Friars of the Catholic Church First mission founded in 1769 at San Diego by Father Junípero Serra 21 Missions built from 1769 to 1823, each a day’s horse ride apart Missions brought Christianity, education, and oppression to Native Americans

6. Spanish North America

7. Key: colonies were controlled by government and church bureaucracies Spanish citizens came for personal financial gain Priests and friars came to spread faith Native peoples were used as labor Native culture minimized, where possible Financial success of colonies made Spanish government one of the wealthiest in Europe Spanish navy became strongest in Europe, until the rise of England