1. Securing Independence

2. Civil War or War for Independence? Loyalists (Tories) The role of slaves The role of Native Americans

3. British Advantages British Disadvantages American Advantages American Disadvantages The role of George Washington

4. Trenton (December 25-26, 1776) Saratoga (October 7, 1777) Charleston (1780) Yorktown (October 1781) The role of Guerilla Warfare

5. The Treaty of Paris, 1783 American Independence New Borders Eventual problems with the British The Loyalists flee

6. Impact of the Declaration Black Americans Women Native Americans Forming state governments The worldwide impact

7. The Articles of Confederation Weak Central Government Unicameral Congress Court System? Executive?

8. Taxes Interstate Trade Foreign Commerce “Sovereignty, freedom, and independence”

9. War Debt The Continental Diplomatic Concessions Declining Exports

10. Problems with Native Americans The Northwest Ordinance British Forts Problems with Spain

11. Shays’s Rebellion Daniel Shays Taxes of farmers 1200 farmers rebel New fears

12. Annapolis, Maryland The Philadelphia Convention, 1787 Rhode Island Nationalist Perspective Abandoning the Articles

13. James Madison The Virginia Plan Fears of the small states William Paterson’s New Jersey Plan The Connecticut Compromise

14. September 1787 Levy and collect taxes Conduct diplomacy Protect domestic order Coin money regulate foreign commerce

15. Counting Slaves The 3/5 th ’s Compromise Regulating the slave trade

16. Separation of Powers Checks and Balances The 3 Branches of Government The Electoral College Ratification

17. Federalists Anti Federalists The Federalist Papers The Bill of Rights “legal and institutional framework within which Americans could struggle to attain democracy”.