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Order of filling orbitals
2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d (6f) 7s (7p) (7d) (7f)
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1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 6d 4f 5f
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1H 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s1
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2He 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s0 2p0
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3Li 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s1 2p0
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4Be 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p0
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5B 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p1
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6C 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p2
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7N 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p3
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8O 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p4
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9F 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p5
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10Ne 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s0 3p0 3d0
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11Na 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p0 3d0
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12Mg 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p0 3d0
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13Al 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 3d0
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14Si 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 3d0
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15P 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 3d0
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16S 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 3d0
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17Cl 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 3d0
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18Ar 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d0 4s0 4p0 4d0
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19K 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d0 4s1 4p0 4d0
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20Ca 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d0 4s2 4p0 4d0
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21Sc 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 4p0 4d0
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22Ti 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2 4p0 4d0
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23V 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2 4p0 4d0
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24Cr 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 4p0 4d0
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25Mn 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2 4p0 4d0
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26Fe 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 4p0 4d0
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27Co 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2 4p0 4d0
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28Ni 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2 4p0 4d0
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29Cu 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 4p0 4d0
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30Zn 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p0 4d0
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31Ga 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p1 4d0
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32Ge 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2 4d0
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33As 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3 4d0
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34Se 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4 4d0
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35Br 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5 4d0
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36Kr 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d0
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Periodic Trends Left to right across a period: Down a group
atomic radii decrease ionisation energies increase positive nuclear charge increases, increasing attraction for electrons shielding from inner shells does not increase Down a group Atomic radius increases Ionisation energies decrease More shells so more shielding from inner shells. Outer electrons are in higher energy shells so are further from the nucleus
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Metals and non-metals in periodic table
Metallic elements have metallic bonding in the element itself The attraction between ‘positive ions’ for a sea of delocalised electrons Metallic elements have ionic bonding in their compounds Metallic character is favoured by low ionisation energies ionisation energies decrease down a group ionisation energies increase left to right along a period
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Metals and non-metals in periodic table
A non-metal has covalent bonding in the element itself and in compounds with other non-metals. covalent bonds are stronger when involving orbitals from low numbered quantum shells A non-metal tends to form negative ions in compounds with metals electron affinity increases left to right across a period due to increasing nuclear charge and decreases down a group due to increased shielding from inner shells and increased distance of the outer electrons from the nucleus. anionic radius decreases left to right across a period and increases down a group lattice energy becomes more exothermic as the ions become smaller
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