1. Medical applications of particle physics General characteristics of detectors (5 th Chapter) ASLI YILDIRIM

2. APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Medical applications such as producing X rays, protons, neutrons for diagnostic or treatment purposes. Security such as nuclear waste monitoring Industry Biomedicine

3. MEDICAL IMAGING X Rays Computational Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound Positron Emission Tomography

4. MEDICAL IMAGING X Rays Computational Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound Positron Emission Tomography

5. * After injecting radiotracer to human body, gamma rays produced and detected. * This information is transformed into images by using tomography tecniniques.

6. PET images

7. Examples of radiotracer Radioactive chemical that can be injected into vein, swallowed or inhaled Produced in cyclotron

8. Positron Emission

9. Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption Photon can loose energy through Compton scattering and scattering changes direction of photon Under certain energy levels, photon can be absorbed by an atom.

10. Detection

11. Scattered coincidence After first detection, one of detected photons has undergone Compton scattering

12. Random coincidence Two photon from different annihilation

13. PET Detector Photo sensor Pre-Amplifier Electronics Scintillation crystal Gamma rays Its converts gamma rays to optical photons It converts light into electrical signal It prepares the signal for computational processing →

14. Scintillatior - Spatial resolution

15. Thinner detectors give better resolution and better images but they have lower sensivity → → Thicker detectors improve sensitivity, but spatial resolution becomes worse

16. Detectors PMT Solid state detectors Photodiodes Silicon PMT Photodiodes Avalanche photodiodes PMT SPMT PD SSD

17. Properties of system Spatial resolution is 1- 5 mm Detection efficiency is higher than 30 % Time resolution is 1-10 ns Energy resolution is about 20 % Can detect 10 7 -10 8 events Expensive

18. Computed Tomography Computed x-ray tomography is a technique in which the x-ray source and detector screen are moved in opposite directions Also system moves around object to produce images slices that can be converted into 3d picture

20. General characteristics of detectors (5 th Chapter)

21. Transfer all the radiation energy into detector mass, then we can observe it.

22. Sensivity Capability of producing signal for a given radiation Cross section for ionizing reactions Detector mass Detector noise Protective material

23. Detector response Response is relation between radiation energy and output signal. Energy Resolution Ability of distinguish very close energy levels

24. Response function Spectrum of pulses observed in detector when monoenergetic beam is sent to detector Related to different interactions, design and geometry

25. Example

26. Dead time Required time for detector to process an event All other electronics have their own dead times

27. Extendable-Nonextendable dead times Extendable occurs when detector does not loose its sensitivity during dead time Non-extendable occurs when detector looses its sensitivity during dead time

28. Detector efficiency Intrinsic Efficiency Related to radiation interacting with detector Geometric Efficiency Related to part of the radiation which is intercepted by detector.

29. References W.R Leo, Techiniques for nuclear and particle physics experiments, pages 107-118 http://depts.washington.edu/nucmed/IRL/pet_intro/toc.html, accessed on 11/14/2010 http://depts.washington.edu/nucmed/IRL/pet_intro/toc.html www.bnl.gov/ncss/files/.../NucChemSummerSchool-072106-v2.ppt, accessed on 11/14/2010 www.bnl.gov/ncss/files/.../NucChemSummerSchool-072106-v2.ppt www.physics.usyd.edu.au/astromed09/Talks/Day2/Cherry_invited.ppt, accessed on 11/14/2010 www.physics.usyd.edu.au/astromed09/Talks/Day2/Cherry_invited.ppt www.fnal.gov/gridfest/pdfs/benefits_factsheet.pdf, accessed on 11/14/2010 www.fnal.gov/gridfest/pdfs/benefits_factsheet.pdf www.physics.ucla.edu/~arisaka/.../Physics89_PET.pdf, accessed on 11/14/2010 www.physics.ucla.edu/~arisaka/.../Physics89_PET.pdf http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/CT.html, accessed on 11/14/2010 http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/CT.html, http://www.fda.gov/Radiation- EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/Medical X-Rays/ucm115317.htm#5, accessed on 11/14/2010 http://www.fda.gov/Radiation- EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/Medical X-Rays/ucm115317.htm#5, www.jsgreen.tamu.edu/427%205%20Medical%20imaging.ppt, accessed on 11/14/2010 www.jsgreen.tamu.edu/427%205%20Medical%20imaging.ppt,