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Guided Notes – Mendelian Genetics
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Let’s start with the basics!
Offspring share _______________ or characteristics with their parents. Genetics explains how these traits are passed down – through the ___________________. The way chromosomes interact during _______________ (and fertilization) explains the patterns we see in genetics.
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Notes: Genetics The “Father of Genetics” is Gregor _________.
He used ___________ plants to further his investigations about patterns of heredity. Why pea plants? Easy to __________ which plants were bred together They can self __________________ (reproduce with themselves) Easy to count the offspring with certain ___________ Easy to __________ Produce many _______________ quickly They have “either / or” traits (not in between), the ______________ are dominant or recessive… alleles are different versions of the gene – Ex. Gene: eye color, Alleles: green, blue, brown
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Fertilization of Pea Plants
____________ ____________
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Mendel’s Experiments Grew pea plants that were _________ for a trait
Always produced offspring with that trait The parents were called the ____ generation The offspring of the cross between the P1 generation were called the ____ generation The F1 generation was pollinated with its own pollen (______ ____________) and the offspring that resulted were called the F2 generation
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Generations P1 X self
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Mendel’s Conclusions…
Principle of ________________ Principle of Segregation Principle of _______________ Assortment
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Principle of Dominance
Have 2 alleles for each gene (an allele is a different version of a _________, ex. Gene = hair color, Allele = brown hair) The ______________ an organism has are called its genotype (you have 2 alleles in a genotype). The physical characteristics of the organism are called its _______________. RULE: When an organism has 2 different alleles for a gene, it only shows the dominant trait in its _______________.
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Principle of Segregation
Parents have 2 alleles for each trait ___________________ only receive one allele from each parent RULE: A pair of alleles is separated during the formation of ______________ (meiosis)
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Principle of Independent Assortment
Mendel started looking at more than one trait at a time and he found that the traits did not ______________ (affect) each other He concluded that the alleles for different traits were not inherited ______________ They must mix up randomly during gamete formation (meiosis) RULE: Alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes _________________.
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Terminology Homozygous Heterozygous ______________ Recessive
“the ___________” Either both dominant or both recessive Heterozygous “different” One ____________ and one _____________ ______________ Always shows up if it is there Recessive Only shows up if there is no ______________ present
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Monohybrid Cross _____ box Punnett Square that involves 1 trait.
It is used to predict the offspring between ____ parents. Examples: ____________ Ratios (genes, alleles) Phenotypic Ratios (____________ traits)
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