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PLANT BIOLOGY
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Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue Figure 35.8
Figure 35.8 The three tissue systems. Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue
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Cortex Vascular cylinder Epidermis Key to labels Zone of
Fig Cortex Vascular cylinder Epidermis Key to labels Zone of differentiation Root hair Dermal Ground Vascular Zone of elongation Apical meristem Zone of cell division Root cap 100 µm
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Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots)
Fig a1 Epidermis Key to labels Cortex Dermal Endodermis Ground Vascular Vascular cylinder Pericycle Xylem 100 µm Phloem (a) Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots)
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Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots)
Fig a2 (a) Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots) Endodermis Key to labels Pericycle Dermal Ground Vascular Xylem Phloem 50 µm
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100 m Emerging lateral root Cortex Vascular cylinder Pericycle 1
Figure 35.15a 100 m Emerging lateral root Cortex Vascular cylinder Figure The formation of a lateral root. Pericycle 1
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100 m Epidermis Lateral root 2 Figure 35.15b
Figure The formation of a lateral root. 2
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100 m Epidermis Lateral root 3 Figure 35.15c
Figure The formation of a lateral root. 3
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Water molecule Root hair Soil particle Water Water uptake from soil
Figure 36.13a Water molecule Root hair Soil particle Figure Ascent of xylem sap. Water Water uptake from soil
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CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Hydrogen ion Proton pump + H+ + ATP
Figure 36.7a CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID + H+ + Hydrogen ion ATP + H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ + Proton pump Figure 36.7 Solute transport across plant cell plasma membranes. H+ + (a) H+ and membrane potential
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H+/sucrose cotransporter Sucrose (neutral solute)
Figure 36.7b + H+ S H+ + H+ H+ + H+ H+ H+ S S H+ H+ H+ S S S + H+ + H+/sucrose cotransporter Figure 36.7 Solute transport across plant cell plasma membranes. Sucrose (neutral solute) + (b) H+ and cotransport of neutral solutes
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Nitrate H+NO3 cotransporter + H+ H+ NO3 + NO3 H+ + H+ H+ H+
Figure 36.7c + H+ H+ NO3 + NO3 + H+ H+ H+ H+ Nitrate H+ H+ NO3 NO3 NO3 + NO3 + H+ H+NO3 cotransporter Figure 36.7 Solute transport across plant cell plasma membranes. H+ H+ + (c) H+ and cotransport of ions
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+ K+ Potassium ion + K+ K+ + K+ K+ K+ K+ + Ion channel +
Figure 36.7d + K+ Potassium ion + K+ K+ + K+ K+ K+ K+ + Ion channel Figure 36.7 Solute transport across plant cell plasma membranes. + (d) Ion channels
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Pathway along apoplast
Figure 36.10b Casparian strip Endodermal cell Pathway along apoplast Pathway through symplast Figure Transport of water and minerals from root hairs to the xylem.
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Vascular cylinder (stele)
Figure 36.10a Plasma membrane Casparian strip Apoplastic route Vessels (xylem) Figure Transport of water and minerals from root hairs to the xylem. Symplastic route Root hair Epidermis Endodermis Vascular cylinder (stele) Cortex
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This year’s growth (one year old) Leaf scar
Figure 35.12 Apical bud Bud scale Axillary buds This year’s growth (one year old) Leaf scar Node Bud scar One-year-old side branch formed from axillary bud near shoot tip Internode Last year’s growth (two year old) Leaf scar Stem Figure Three years’ growth in a winter twig. Bud scar Growth of two years ago (three years old) Leaf scar
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Developing vascular strand
Figure 35.16 Shoot apical meristem Leaf primordia Young leaf Developing vascular strand Figure The shoot tip. Axillary bud meristems 0.25 mm
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Sclerenchyma (fiber cells) Ground tissue
Figure 35.17 Phloem Xylem Sclerenchyma (fiber cells) Ground tissue Ground tissue connecting pith to cortex Pith Epidermis Key to labels Epidermis Cortex Vascular bundles Vascular bundle Figure Organization of primary tissues in young stems. Dermal 1 mm 1 mm Ground (a) Cross section of stem with vascular bundles forming a ring (typical of eudicots) (b) Vascular Cross section of stem with scattered vascular bundles (typical of monocots)
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Growth ring Vascular ray Heartwood Secondary xylem Sapwood
Figure 35.22 Growth ring Vascular ray Heartwood Secondary xylem Sapwood Vascular cambium Figure Anatomy of a tree trunk. Secondary phloem Bark Layers of periderm
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Adhesion – strong attraction of water molecules to walls of xylem
Movement of Water Up Xylem Vessels Adhesion – strong attraction of water molecules to walls of xylem Cohesion – strong attraction of water molecules to each other
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(a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues
Figure 35.18a Key to labels Sclerenchyma fibers Dermal Cuticle Stoma Ground Vascular Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Bundle- sheath cell Figure Leaf anatomy. Lower epidermis Xylem Vein Cuticle Phloem Guard cells (a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues
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The Process of Transpiration
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Guard cells turgid/ Stoma open Guard cells flaccid/ Stoma closed
Figure 36.15a Guard cells turgid/ Stoma open Guard cells flaccid/ Stoma closed Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Cell wall Vacuole Figure Mechanisms of stomatal opening and closing. Guard cell (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view)
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Activation of cellular responses
Figure 39.3 CELL WALL CYTOPLASM 1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response Relay proteins and Activation of cellular responses second messengers Receptor Figure 39.3 Review of a general model for signal transduction pathways. Hormone or environmental stimulus Plasma membrane
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De-etiolation (greening) response proteins
Figure 1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response Transcription factor 1 CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS Plasma membrane cGMP Protein kinase 1 P Second messenger Transcription factor 2 Phytochrome P Cell wall Protein kinase 2 Transcription Light Translation Figure 39.4 An example of signal transduction in plants: the role of phytochrome in the de-etiolation (greening) response. Ca2 channel De-etiolation (greening) response proteins Ca2
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Scutellum (cotyledon)
Figure 39.11 Aleurone 1 2 3 Endosperm -amylase Sugar GA GA Water Figure Mobilization of nutrients by gibberellins during the germination of grain seeds such as barley. Radicle Scutellum (cotyledon)
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Methane (reducing agent) Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
Figure 9.3 Reactants Products becomes oxidized Energy becomes reduced Figure 9.3 Methane combustion as an energy-yielding redox reaction. Methane (reducing agent) Oxygen (oxidizing agent) Carbon dioxide Water
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Gamma rays Micro- waves Radio waves
Figure 10.7 1 m 105 nm 103 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm (109 nm) 103 m Gamma rays Micro- waves Radio waves X-rays UV Infrared Visible light Figure 10.7 The electromagnetic spectrum. 380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm Shorter wavelength Longer wavelength Higher energy Lower energy 48
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Hydrocarbon tail (H atoms not shown)
Figure 10.11 CH3 in chlorophyll a CH3 CHO in chlorophyll b Porphyrin ring Figure Structure of chlorophyll molecules in chloroplasts of plants. Hydrocarbon tail (H atoms not shown) 50
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Chloroplast Outer membrane Thylakoid Intermembrane space Stroma Granum
Figure 10.4b Chloroplast Outer membrane Thylakoid Intermembrane space Stroma Granum Thylakoid space Inner membrane Figure 10.4 Zooming in on the location of photosynthesis in a plant. 1 m 51
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Calvin Cycle Light Reactions [CH2O] (sugar)
Figure H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP + P i Calvin Cycle Light Reactions ATP Figure 10.6 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. NADPH Chloroplast [CH2O] (sugar) O2 52
![Calvin Cycle Light Reactions [CH2O] (sugar)](http://slideplayer.com./slide/9279365/28/images/52/Calvin+Cycle+Light+Reactions+%5BCH2O%5D+%28sugar%29.jpg "Figure H2O. CO2. Light. NADP ADP. + P i. Calvin Cycle. Light Reactions. ATP. Figure 10.6 An overview of photosynthesis: cooperation of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. NADPH. Chloroplast. [CH2O] (sugar) O")
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Figure 10.14-1 Primary acceptor e P680 Light
2 e P680 1 Light Figure How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH. Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II) 55
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Figure 10.14-2 Primary acceptor e H2O 2 H + 1/2 O2 e e P680 Light
3 1/2 O2 e e P680 1 Light Figure How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH. Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II) 56
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Electron transport chain
Figure Primary acceptor 4 Electron transport chain Pq 2 e H2O 2 H Cytochrome complex + 3 1/2 O2 Pc e e 5 P680 1 Light ATP Figure How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH. Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II) 57
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Electron transport chain
Figure Primary acceptor Primary acceptor 4 Electron transport chain Pq e 2 e H2O 2 H Cytochrome complex + 3 1/2 O2 Pc e e P700 5 P680 Light 1 Light 6 ATP Figure How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH. Pigment molecules Photosystem I (PS I) Photosystem II (PS II) 58
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Electron transport chain
Figure Electron transport chain Primary acceptor Primary acceptor 4 7 Electron transport chain Fd Pq e 2 e 8 e e H2O NADP 2 H Cytochrome complex NADP reductase + H + 3 1/2 O2 NADPH Pc e e P700 5 P680 Light 1 Light 6 ATP Figure How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH. Pigment molecules Photosystem I (PS I) Photosystem II (PS II) 59
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Mill makes ATP NADPH ATP Photosystem II Photosystem I e e e e e
Figure 10.15 e e e Mill makes ATP NADPH e e e Photon Figure A mechanical analogy for linear electron flow during the light reactions. e ATP Photon Photosystem II Photosystem I 60
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STROMA (low H concentration) Cytochrome complex NADP reductase
Figure 10.18 STROMA (low H concentration) Cytochrome complex NADP reductase Photosystem II Photosystem I Light 3 Light 4 H+ NADP + H Fd Pq NADPH 2 Pc H2O 1 1/2 O2 THYLAKOID SPACE (high H concentration) +2 H+ 4 H+ To Calvin Cycle Figure The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the organization of the thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase ADP + P i ATP STROMA (low H concentration) H+ 61
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Figure 10.19 The Calvin cycle.
Input 3 (Entering one at a time) CO2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P Short-lived intermediate 3 P P 6 P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 3-Phosphoglycerate Figure The Calvin cycle. 62
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Figure 10.19 The Calvin cycle.
Input 3 (Entering one at a time) CO2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P Short-lived intermediate 3 P P 6 P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 ATP 6 ADP Calvin Cycle 6 P P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADP 6 P i Figure The Calvin cycle. 6 P Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Phase 2: Reduction 1 P G3P (a sugar) Glucose and other organic compounds Output 63
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Figure 10.19 The Calvin cycle.
Input 3 (Entering one at a time) CO2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P Short-lived intermediate 3 P P 6 P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 ATP 6 ADP 3 ADP Calvin Cycle 6 P P 3 ATP 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) 6 NADP 6 P i 5 P Figure The Calvin cycle. G3P 6 P Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Phase 2: Reduction 1 P G3P (a sugar) Glucose and other organic compounds Output 64
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Photosynthetic cells of C4 plant leaf Bundle- sheath cell
Figure 10.20a C4 leaf anatomy Mesophyll cell Photosynthetic cells of C4 plant leaf Bundle- sheath cell Vein (vascular tissue) Figure C4 leaf anatomy and the C4 pathway. Stoma 65
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The C4 pathway Mesophyll cell CO2 PEP carboxylase Oxaloacetate (4C)
Figure 10.20b The C4 pathway Mesophyll cell CO2 PEP carboxylase Oxaloacetate (4C) PEP (3C) ADP Malate (4C) ATP Pyruvate (3C) Bundle- sheath cell CO2 Calvin Cycle Figure C4 leaf anatomy and the C4 pathway. Sugar Vascular tissue 66
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Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle
Figure 10.21 Sugarcane Pineapple C4 CAM CO2 CO2 1 CO2 incorporated (carbon fixation) Mesophyll cell Organic acid Organic acid Night Figure C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared. CO2 CO2 Bundle- sheath cell 2 CO2 released to the Calvin cycle Day Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle Sugar Sugar (a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps 67
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Electrons carried via NADH Substrate-level phosphorylation
Figure 9.6-1 Electrons carried via NADH Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration. ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation
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Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2
Figure 9.6-2 Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Pyruvate oxidation Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration. ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation
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Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2
Figure 9.6-3 Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Pyruvate oxidation Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration. ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation
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Protein complex of electron carriers
Figure 9.15 H H H Protein complex of electron carriers H Cyt c IV Q III I ATP synth- ase II 2 H + 1/2O2 H2O FADH2 FAD NADH Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis. NAD ADP P i ATP (carrying electrons from food) H 1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis Oxidative phosphorylation
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Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis
Figure 9.16 Electron shuttles span membrane MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Citric acid cycle Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA 2 ATP 2 ATP about 26 or 28 ATP Figure 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration. About 30 or 32 ATP Maximum per glucose: CYTOSOL
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Ethanol, lactate, or other products
Figure 9.18 Glucose Glycolysis CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O2 present: Fermentation O2 present: Aerobic cellular respiration MITOCHONDRION Ethanol, lactate, or other products Acetyl CoA Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism. Citric acid cycle
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