1. SYLLOGISTIC REASONING PART 2 Properties and Rules PART 2 Properties and Rules

2. SYLLOGISTIC REASONING The 4 types of quantifiers The 4 types of causes The proof by the effects The rules of syllogism The 4 types of quantifiers The 4 types of causes The proof by the effects The rules of syllogism

3. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES PROPERTIESPROPERTIES The 4 types of quantifiers 1. Universal affirmative: ALL S are P 2. Universal negative: NO S is P 3. Particular affirmative: SOME S are P 4. Particular negative: SOME S are NOT P

4. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES PROPERTIESPROPERTIES The 4 types of causes 1.Material cause: Because S is made of M Why can men breathe? Because everything with lungs can breathe And because all men have lungs Thus, all men can breathe

5. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES PROPERTIESPROPERTIES The 4 types of causes 2. Efficient cause: Because S is moved by M Why can men breath? Because everything that inhales & exhales can breathe And because all men can inhale & exhale Thus, all men can breathe

6. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES PROPERTIESPROPERTIES The 4 types of causes 3. Formal cause: Because S is an M Why can men breathe? Because all mammals can breathe And because all men are mammals Thus, all men can breathe

7. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES PROPERTIESPROPERTIES The 4 types of causes 4. Final cause: Because S is for M Why can men breathe? Because all that must live on earth can breathe And because all men are for life on earth Thus, all men can breathe

8. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES PROPERTIESPROPERTIES The 4 types of causes Some Practice The 4 types of causes Some Practice Why can humans be religious? Because all spiritual souls can be religious material 1. Proof by the material cause: Because all that God attracts can be religious efficient 2. Proof by the efficient cause: Because all that is in God’s image can be religious formal 3. Proof by the formal cause: Because all that is for God can be religious final 4. Proof by the final cause:

9. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES PROPERTIESPROPERTIES The proof by the effects Because the effect of S is M Why can men breathe? Because what rejects water & CO2 can breathe And because all men rejects water & CO2 Thus, all men can breathe

10. RULESRULES RULESRULES  2 premises Major: M is P – Minor: S is M # 1: The BARBARA formula  1 conclusion S is P  3 terms twice S twice subject (minor & conclusion)  … in good order M is P ► S is M ► S is P M once subject of the major and once predicate of the minor P twice predicate (major & conclusion)

11. RULESRULES RULESRULES negative  No valid conclusion with 2 negative premises # 2: The quantifiers Because no human is an angel And because no seraphim is human Thus, no seraphim is an angel

12. RULESRULES RULESRULES  No valid conclusion with 2 negative premises # 2: The quantifiers Because some Americans are saints And because some humans are American Thus, some humans are saints  No valid conclusion with 2 particular premises

13. RULESRULES RULESRULES  No valid conclusion with 2 negative premises # 2: The quantifiers Because no human is from the moon And because all saints are human Thus, no saints are from the moon  No valid conclusion with 2 particular premises  1 negative premise = a negative conclusion

14. RULESRULES RULESRULES  No valid conclusion with 2 negative premises # 2: The quantifiers Because some rational creatures are happy And because all humans are rational creatures Thus, some humans are happy  No valid conclusion with 2 particular premises  1 negative premise = a negative conclusion  1 particular premise = a particular conclusion

15. RULESRULES RULESRULES  A valid syllogism can be false if a premise is false # 3: Validity & Truth Because all saints are humans And because all angels are saints Thus, all angels are humans VALID

16. RULESRULES RULESRULES  A valid syllogism can be false if a premise is false # 3: Validity & Truth Because all saints are humans And because some saints are Christians Thus, all Christians are humans TRUE  A true conclusion can follow an invalid syllogism