1. What type of land is used for farming?
Warm up:
What type of land is used for farming?
What are the 3 processes that form soil?
List as many soil conservation practices as you can!

2. Feeding the World Why do we need food? Energy (calories)
Build and maintain body tissue

3. Feeding the World
Malnutrition: condition that occurs when people do not consume enough calories or do not eat a sufficient variety of foods to fulfill a body’s needs
How many calories do you eat?

6. Ecology of Food
Human population grows, farmland replaces forests and grasslands – how do we feed people while maintaining a natural ecosystem?
Food Efficiency
Crop Yield

7. Food Efficiency
Efficient food: produces a large amount with little negative impact on the environment
An area of land can produce more food when it is used to grow plants than when it is used to raise animals

8. More efficient: Plants Humans Less Efficient: PlantsAnimal Humans
10% Rule – only that much is transferred with each step on the food chain
PlantsHumans (10% of the original energy)
PlantsCow (10 %)Human (1% of the original energy)

9. The true cost of a burger

11. Crop Yield
Researchers are trying to find new plants that have a high yield
Yield: the amount of food that can be produced in a given area.
Can survive in various climates, do not require large amounts of chemicals or fresh water.

12. The “Green” Revolution
Post WWII – rise of fertilizers and pesticides
The rise of Monocultures- “one crop”
Farming became mechanized
Industrialization of farming  higher yields
Goal – max. profit

13. Agriculture Then and Now
Polyculture – many crops
Plowing – livestock
Fertilization – Manure
Irrigation – Ditches
Pest Control – weeds removed by hand or machine
Now:
Monoculture – one crop
Plowing– fossil fuels
Fertilization – synthetic chemicals
Irrigation – sprinklers and drip
Pest Control – synthetic chemicals

14. Modern Inputs Chemical Fertilizers
Pesticide- any chemical that kills pests
Herbicide- weeds
Fungicide- fungus
Insecticide- insects
Rodenticide- rodents
Designed to kill- toxic chemicals can persist in soil or runoff to waterways
Chemical Fertilizers
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium (N-P-K)
Synthetically created
Runoff an issue
Manure and compost are considered organic fertilizers

15. Agricultural Issues? Industrialization (Monocropping etc.)
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Pesticides/Fertilizer Usage
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) and Aquaculture
Hormones/Antibiotics Use
Organic Agriculture

16. Pros/Benefits – at least 2 Cons/Negatives – at least 2
Agriculture Issues
Summary of the Issue
Pros/Benefits – at least 2
Cons/Negatives – at least 2
Real World Example or Case Study
Works Cited Page (URLs are OK to cite)

17. Animals and Agriculture
Why do we include animals in our diet?

18. Animals and Agriculture
Ancestors: Obtained animal protein by hunting and fishing.
Today: Obtain animal protein from domesticated species.
Domesticated species: animals that are bred and managed for human use

19. Food from Water Fish – important food source for humans – protein
Problem of overharvesting worldwide

20. Livestock
Livestock: domesticated animals that are raised to be used on a farm or ranch or to be sold for profit
Uses for livestock:
Meat
Milk
Eggs
Wool
Leather
Manure

21. Livestock Ruminants: cattle, sheep and goats
What they do for us: convert plant materials (grass/shrubs) into food that we can digest – beef
In other countries:
Africa and India: only use cattle for milk

22. Livestock
Poultry: domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or killing for their meat and/or feathers
Why have people criticized poultry factory farms?

23. Overharvesting
Overharvesting: catching or removing from a population more organisms that the population can replace
Governments create “no-fishing zones” so populations can recover

24. Bycatch
Bycatch: fish caught unintentionally while trying to catch other fish.
Example: Shrimp trawling

25. Aquaculture
Overharvesting and bycatch have lead to a rise in Aquaculture
Aquaculture: raising of aquatic organisms for human use or consumption

26. Aquaculture Methods Fish Farm:
Ponds that contain a fish at a specific stage of development
Circulate clean water to clean ponds and provide oxygen
Grow fish to maturity then harvest them

27. Aquaculture Methods Ranch: Example: Salmon
Fish are raised until they reach a certain age and then they are released
Salmon swim downstream and grow to adults
Return to birthplace to reproduce – are caught and harvested

28. Problems with Aquaculture
Produce large amount of waste - pollution
Requires a lot of water
Can damage wetlands – (in your reading)