1. © T. M. Whitmore Today R – U Migration Social Geography  Class  Development  Race  Religion

2. © T. M. Whitmore Questions? Other Migrations Remittances

3. © T. M. Whitmore 4th type: rural => urban migration What is it?  rural to urban migration => permanent change of residence Why migrate?  “Push” and “Pull” forces  economic welfare  social welfare  other factors

4. © T. M. Whitmore Why migrate I? Economic (pushes & pulls)  Lack of land  Few non-farm opportunities  Little upward mobility  Development => fewer rural jobs & jobs with less dignity  Family strategy of income diversity

5. © T. M. Whitmore Why migrate II? Social (pushes & pulls)  Education  Health care access

6. © T. M. Whitmore Why migrate III? Other (pushes & pulls)  Environmental  Violence  Individual factors

7. © T. M. Whitmore Who migrates? Age Gender Marital status Education level Personal Ethnicity

8. © T. M. Whitmore How do migrants move? Migration patterns  Role of information  Role of social networks  Step vs direct migration  Fill-in migration  Role of distance

9. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth/Income I Average income in GNI in PPP/capita  World ~ $9,100  Lesser developed ~ $4,400-$4,900  USA ~ $41,900 Latin America ~ $7,900  Low (< $5,000)  Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador  Jamaica, Haiti  Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay  Above LA average (> $7,900)  Costa Rica, Mexico  Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay

10. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth/Income II Percent living on less than US$2/day  World ~ 53% LA ~ 24%  Low: > 30% living on < $2/day  Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador  Jamaica  Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru  Above LA average: < 20% living on < $2/day  Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama  Columbia, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina

11. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth distribution USA  Richest 20% have 40% of all income  Poorest 20% have 5%  65% in middle Latin America  Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income  Poorest 20% have 2-5%  30% in the middle  Countries with top 20% with more than 50% of all income  Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela

12. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth distribution II Changing for the worse in most countries Changing  Mexico, Guatemala, Columbia, Venezuela, Argentina, Chile Varies within countries Varies  Mexico: N vs S  Brazil: NE vs S

15. © T. M. Whitmore Social development indicators The Human Development Index Safe water access Population to hospital bed ratio Overall worst levels of human development  Bolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru  El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua  Dominican Republic; Haiti

16. © T. M. Whitmore Catholic Heritage I Spanish Catholic rootsCatholic Spiritual conquest — an integral part of the conquest of the Americas Spiritual Legacy of Church’s history in Latin America Legacy  Identified with power/economic elite  Reform in form of liberation theology => oppression of the poor is a sin Reform

17. © T. M. Whitmore Catholic Heritage II Overwhelmingly people say “soy Catholico” = “I am a Catholic” Overwhelmingly  Church attendance is often low  But presence is everywhere “Folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous (Amerindian) beliefsFolk Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with various African religious traditions in the Caribbean and Brazil especially Roman

18. © T. M. Whitmore

42. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall

45. © T. M. Whitmore Religion: Non-Catholic Hindu and Islam — imported with indentured labor to Suriname, Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities in all of the Caribbean) Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants from Spain (conversos) Judaism Evangelical Protestants — Protestants outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial times Evangelical  Very rapid growth in past few decades  ~40% of Guatemala  ~1/3 of Brazil

47. © T. M. Whitmore