1. Nationalism

2. Nationalism The idea of a nation consisting of people unified by common culture, language, and/or religion, who should all be ruled by one government The idea of a nation consisting of people unified by common culture, language, and/or religion, who should all be ruled by one government  Opposition to the Congress of Vienna, Principle of states based on monarchies and dynasties,Principle of states based on monarchies and dynasties, Disregarded ethnic groups when making boundariesDisregarded ethnic groups when making boundaries

3. The Impact of the French Revolution: Liberty, Equality and Fraternity  Reaction to French Revolution  French spread their ideals all over Europe. Dominated the other countries. Dominated the other countries. Germany took the ideas as their own Germany took the ideas as their own Never been a united German stateNever been a united German state

4. Centers of European Nationalism  Ireland Ireland became directly governed by the British Crown after 1800, Ireland became directly governed by the British Crown after 1800, Irish people elected members to the ParliamentIrish people elected members to the Parliament Nationalists demanded either independence or autonomyNationalists demanded either independence or autonomy Did not receive their independence until after WWI (1919) Did not receive their independence until after WWI (1919)

5. Polish Nationalism  Polish nationalists urged for armed struggle to regain independence from Austria, Prussia, and Russia  Most disturbances in the Russian portion of Poland November Insurrection of 1830-1831 November Insurrection of 1830-1831  January Insurrection of 1863-1864 Both doomed by bad military leadership or disunity Both doomed by bad military leadership or disunity

6. Hungarian Nationalism  Empress Maria Theresa granted some rights to the Magyar nobility of Hungary Nationalists launched several uprisings, and participated in the "Spring of Nations" in the Revolutions of 1848 Nationalists launched several uprisings, and participated in the "Spring of Nations" in the Revolutions of 1848 Austria and Hungary became virtually separate nations Austria and Hungary became virtually separate nations

7. Reaction in Austria and Germany  Austria Prince Klemens von Metternich Prince Klemens von Metternich Symbol of conservatives- keep things the sameSymbol of conservatives- keep things the same Austria was threatened as the most multi- ethnic country in Europe Austria was threatened as the most multi- ethnic country in Europe  The Austrians wanted to dominate the states of the German Confederation,

8. German Confederation  Constitutional Governments established in three south German states of Baden, Bavaria, and Wurttemberg,  Over 300 German kingdoms, Prussia was the strongest  Young Germans were loyal to the nationalism that emerged from the Napoleonic occupation. Under Prussian leadership the German states merged into Germany in 1871

9. Balkan Nationalism  Numerous ethnic groups wanted independence, including Greeks, Serbs, Albanians, Romanians, and Bulgarians Greeks and Serbs gained independence in 1821 and 1830, from the Ottoman Empire Greeks and Serbs gained independence in 1821 and 1830, from the Ottoman Empire

10. Revolutions in Latin America

11. Haiti  Started by a slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture in 1794 Popular uprising of a repressed social group, rather than discontented Creoles Popular uprising of a repressed social group, rather than discontented Creoles  Haiti became independent in 1804 Success of the Indians, blacks, mestizos, mulattos, and slaves in Haiti haunted the Creoles in Latin America Success of the Indians, blacks, mestizos, mulattos, and slaves in Haiti haunted the Creoles in Latin America

12. Reasons for Creole discontent  Wanted to trade freely within the region and with North America and Europe  Resented the peninsulares who were favored for political and military promotions,  Elites read and adopted the ideas of the Enlightenment

13. Rio de La Plata (Argentina)  Started with a revolt in Buenos Aires,  1810 – Junta (Miltary dictatorship) overthrew the Spanish and sent troops into Paraguay and Uruguay  1814 - Jose de San Martin, General of the Rio de La Plata forcesGeneral of the Rio de La Plata forces Led an army across the Andes MountainsLed an army across the Andes Mountains  1817 - San Martin occupied Santiago, Chile,  By 1821, San Martin defeated the royalists in Lima and declared himself Protector of Peru

14. Venezuela  1810 - Simon Bolivar organized a junta in Caracas Bolivar advocated republicanism Bolivar advocated republicanism  1811-1814 - Civil war broke out between royalists and their supporters (slaves and llaneros - Venezuelan cowboys) and the republican government Bolivar forced into exile in Colombia and JamaicaBolivar forced into exile in Colombia and Jamaica  1816 - With help from Haiti, Bolivar invaded Venezuela  1821 - Bolivar captured Caracas and became president

15. New Spain (Mexico,Texas,California) A junta was organized A junta was organized Creole priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla called for rebellion to the Indians in his parish Creole priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla called for rebellion to the Indians in his parish Indians and other repressed groups respondedIndians and other repressed groups responded Father Hidalgo proposed social and land reform,Father Hidalgo proposed social and land reform,  July 1811 - Hidalgo was captured and killed, Leadership went to mestizo priest Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon, Leadership went to mestizo priest Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon,  1815 - Morelos was executed, and the uprising ended United Spanish and Creole conservative groups in Mexico United Spanish and Creole conservative groups in Mexico Determined to halt all kind of reformDetermined to halt all kind of reform

16. New Spain continued..  1820 - Conservatives' power was challenged, from the Bourbon monarchy in Spain from the Bourbon monarchy in Spain Conservatives rallied behind royalist general Augustin de Iturbide Conservatives rallied behind royalist general Augustin de Iturbide Declared independence in 1821Declared independence in 1821 Supported his declaration as emperorSupported his declaration as emperor  Imperial government did not last long, but Spain was never again in power in Mexico

17. Brazil  Brazilian independence was peaceful Portuguese royal family came to Brazil and transformed Rio de Janeiro into a court city Portuguese royal family came to Brazil and transformed Rio de Janeiro into a court city 1815 - Brazil became a kingdom, no longer being a colony of Portugal 1815 - Brazil became a kingdom, no longer being a colony of Portugal 1820 - Portuguese revolution demanded that Brazil be restored to colonial status and King Joao return to Portugal 1820 - Portuguese revolution demanded that Brazil be restored to colonial status and King Joao return to Portugal Joao left his son Dom Pedro as regentJoao left his son Dom Pedro as regent September 1822 - Dom Pedro accepted braced Brazilian independence and became Emperor of Brazil, the imperial government surviving until 1889 September 1822 - Dom Pedro accepted braced Brazilian independence and became Emperor of Brazil, the imperial government surviving until 1889