1. Implications from Phonology for Teaching Reading and L2 Freeman and Freeman, Chapter 4

2. Phonemic Awareness (PA) Definition: knowledge that words in oral language are made up of individual sounds Definition: knowledge that words in oral language are made up of individual sounds Linked to good readers – cause & effect? Linked to good readers – cause & effect? Aural + alphabet (letters) = phonics (phonemes  letters) Aural + alphabet (letters) = phonics (phonemes  letters)

3. Two views Word recognition Word recognition Teach PA directly and sytematically Teach PA directly and sytematically PA = ability to perceive and minipulate individual sounds PA = ability to perceive and minipulate individual sounds Metalinguistic, conscious knowledge Metalinguistic, conscious knowledge Taught and tested in isolation from meaningful L use Taught and tested in isolation from meaningful L use Sociolinguistic Learners attend to meaning, not sounds PA = perceive of stream of speech as individual sounds Subconscious knowledge, natural Awareness (acquisition); sound- letter connection (read to); conscious awareness (spelling)

4. L2 teaching and phonology (ALM) Contrastive analysis: L1-L2 correspondences and implications Contrastive analysis: L1-L2 correspondences and implications L1 has feature closely matched by L2 (č; m; f) L1 has feature closely matched by L2 (č; m; f) Positive transfer Positive transfer L1 has feature that resembles L2 (si-see; lo-low; tu-two; de-day; no-no) L1 has feature that resembles L2 (si-see; lo-low; tu-two; de-day; no-no) Negative transfer Negative transfer L1 has feature that L2 lacks or is represented by another feature (“r” [ŕ]-Ø; “r” [r]-”t, tt, d, dd” [D]; V ”d” V [ð]-”th” [ð]) L1 has feature that L2 lacks or is represented by another feature (“r” [ŕ]-Ø; “r” [r]-”t, tt, d, dd” [D]; V ”d” V [ð]-”th” [ð]) Negative transfer Negative transfer

5. L2 teaching and phonology (Natural Approach) Learners develop phonology, morphology, syntax in natural order Learners develop phonology, morphology, syntax in natural order No grammatical sequencing of instruction No grammatical sequencing of instruction Instruction should mirror L1 acquisition; model natural communication & provide comprehensible input Instruction should mirror L1 acquisition; model natural communication & provide comprehensible input Phonology is too complex to be learned Phonology is too complex to be learned