1. 1 ALICE and EMMA Yuri Saveliev … and many others at DL and beyond ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory IOP Particle Accelerators and Beams Annual Conference 2009

2. 2/ ALICE: status

3. 3/ What is ALICE …

4. 4/ ALICE: Accelerators and Lasers In Combined Experiments

5. 5/ ALICE 3D view

6. 6/ ALICE : accelerator & light sources Mobile fs laser

7. 7/ ALICE progress: two major milestones Full energy recovery (December 2008) Full energy recovery has been established at 21MeV beam energy and several bunch charges up to 20pC. (Higher bunch charges were not attempted because of the beam loading effects in the injector SC booster cavities LLRF (power demand) signals without energy recoverywith energy recovery

8. 8/ ALICE progress: two major milestones Typical signal from THz detector (bolometer) Quadratic dependence of the THz signal amplitude on the bunch charge. THz coherently enhanced radiation (February 2009) Synchrotron light spectrum (prediction) Electron bunch length ~0.6ps

9. 9/ QE and lifetime Sep-Oct 2008 Cathode lifetime Feb 2009 QE >4 % : routinely Cathode dark 1/e lifetime : > 800 hours minute vacuum leak eliminated full cathode activation As of now, x3 more green PI laser power QE >15% (lab conditions)

10. 10/ ALICE : Status and projections Gun voltage 230kV Lower than nominal (230kV instead of 350kV) - Stanford ceramic - Field emitter on the cathode Both do not help emittance and injector set up Field emitter on the cathode FE sits approximately at the centre of the cathode Failed to remove with Kr treatment FE intensity increases at higher QE (>4%) Gun with Stanford ceramicGun with original ceramic QE map with field emission FE flow after booster (high SOL-01 setting) Field emission in main linac Limited to ~16MeV acceleration in main linac Currently: after Booster: 4.8 MeV after Main linac :20.8 MeV ALICE cryomodule

11. 11/ ALICE : Status and projections ALICE is now operational in full energy recovery mode (with several limitations at present) Removing some limitations (changing gun ceramic, cathode) is a risky business Other limitations cannot be removed until 2010 (main linac) Beam loading in booster linac Currently: after Booster: 4.8 MeV after Main linac :20.8 MeV Limited maximal train length at higher bunch charges Currently : able to operate at ~ 20pC, 100us Faraday cup traces beam energy droop due to beam loading evident no evident energy droop

12. 12/ ALICE parameters Nominal Parameters Current parameters Gun DC Voltage350kV350kV with nominal HV ceramic; currently gun operates at 230kV Nominal bunch charge80pC80pC (>~200pC can be also delivered ) Laser Nd:YVO4 (2nd harmonic) 532nm Laser spot4.1mm FWHMVariable Laser pulse length28ps FWHM28ps with laser pulse stacker Quantum Efficiency1-3%~4% (~15% in the lab conditions) Injector Energy8.35MeVCurrently 4.8MeV Total beam energy35MeVCurrently 20.8MeV RF frequency1.3GHz1.3GHZ Bunch repetition frequency81.25MHz Train Length 0-100  s Up to 100  s at lower bunch charges Train repetition frequency1-20Hz Compressed bunch length<1ps @80pCTo be measured Peak current in compressed bunch 150ATo be measured Maximum Average Current 13  A MAX current within the train6.5mA>6.5mA but at shorter train lengths

13. 13/ Beam characterisation was not a priority so far (up to Feb 2009) Very crude measurements made so far Emittance much larger than expected from the model (field emitter ?) No optimisation was attempted yet … ~10mm.mrad ? : cautiously optimistic …. Emittance

14. 14/ ALICE: near future (2009-2010) developments

15. 15/ ALICE: Near future R & D (2009 – 2010) ALICE setup optimisation Short pulse commissioning Electro-optic diagnostic commissioning Compton Backscattering X-ray source - Phase I and II THz development 10 7 X-ray per shot sub ps down to 100 fs X-ray pulse duration polarised X-rays tuneable X-ray energy CBS Phase I Pulse length (FWHM)1.4ps THz Peak Power 0.07MW Rep Rate81.25MHz Train Length / PRF 100  s / 20Hz Average Power0.023W Compressed bunch EO diagnostic principle

16. 16/ ALICE: Near future R & D (2009 – 2010) Tissue Culture Facility (TCF) experiments - inc. human tissue experiments Laser-THz synchronisation experiments - for novel solar cells research; - collaboration with Manchester Uni. IR FEL commissioning Other smaller scale projects IR: (design parameters)  4.3  m Peak Power15MW Pulse Energy 10  J Pulse Length FWHM0.5ps Tissue Culture Facility and THz beamline IR FEL 20253035 6 8 10 12 Wavelength(  m) Energy (MeV) 20.8 MeV regime

17. 17/ ALICE: Near future R & D (2009 – 2010) Three major upgrades: Installation of the gun load-lock system Extended gun beamline Installation of a new improved SC RF cryomodule

18. 18/ EMMA

19. 19/ EMMA : First NS FFAG (2009 – 2010) EMMA: Non Scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Accelerator Electron Machine with Many Applications Why FFAG ? fast acceleration (e.g. muons) high power beam acceleration variable electron energy Why Non Scaling ? compact beamline vacuum chamber hence, compact magnets Applications : medical (oncology) muon acceleration Accelerator Driven Sub-critical Reactor (ADSR) Construction of a Non-scaling FFAG for Oncology, Research and Medicine = CONFORM Project (Basic Technology grant ; international collaboration)

20. 20/ EMMA parameters Energy range10 – 20 MeV LatticeF/D Doublet Circumference16.57 m No of cells42 Normalised transverse acceptance 3π mm-rad Frequency (nominal) 1.3 GHz No of RF cavities19 Repetition rate1 - 20 Hz Bunch charge16-32 pC single bunch

21. 21/ EMMA physics Single cell tune v Kinetic energy Tune Plane Large tune variation during rapid acceleration Resonance crossings …

22. 22/ EMMA physics Time of Flight v Kinetic Energy RF Phase v Kinetic Energy parabolic Time-of-Flight function serpentine acceleration

23. 23/ EMMA Commissioning ( = RESEARCH !) Proof-of-Principle: quick acceleration & large acceptance Closed orbit establishment Injection & extraction studies Tune measurements Aperture survey (~ 3 mm. rad ! : phase space painting with pencil beam) Resonance crossing studies EMMA model validation Different lattices studies Outside bucket acceleration studies Space charge and beam loading (if any) effects … and many more !!! These will be the first experimental data on NS FFAG operation

24. 24/ EMMA Progress Design phase of the project is complete Procurement is underway with major contracts placed Major components started to arrive in October 2008, Off-line build is in progress at Daresbury and installation of the ALICE to EMMA injection line is underway Will commission the injection line in late August Plan to deliver 1 st electrons into the ring in November The year 2010 will be dedicated to EMMA research The next step will be to apply the lessons learnt to new applications! A key aim is to:- Show non scaling FFAG acceleration works, compare results with the theoretical studies and gain real experience of operating such accelerators