1. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF REGULATION 78-ANNEX 4- APPENDIX DETERMINATION OF TEST TRACK SURFACE FRICTION Dynamic Research, Inc. 355 Van Ness Ave Torrance California 90501 310-212-5211 Fax 310-212-5046 www.dynres.com This document is confidential and proprietary, and it is not to be released to anyone without the permission of Dynamic Research, Inc.

2. 2 OBJECTIVES - SURFACE FRICTION MEASUREMENTS Accomplish measurements of available surface friction for use in "utilization of adhesion" ABS tests Measurement of “K” according to ECE R78 Annex 4 Appendix with: –4 test riders –3 ABS motorcycles, ABS disabled Measurement of “Peak Braking Coefficient” based on ASTM E1337 Procedure. This is consistent with ISO 8349 Dynamic Research, Inc.

3. 3 SURFACES High friction pavement Low friction sealed wetted surface Dynamic Research, Inc.

4. 4 RIDERS Ideal test rider for purposes of R78-ann4-app would be: –Able to consistently perform braking maneuvers at the limits of adhesion –Able to recover when limits of adhesion are exceeded –Able to follow instructions even when they are complex –Experienced in the test being conducted –Objective in interpretation of instructions Characteristics of riders used for this study –Experience with engineering evaluations of vehicles (3/4) –Highly skilled motorcycle riders (4/4) Dynamic Research, Inc.

5. 5 RIDERS (cont‘d) Rider 1: Engineer, experienced amateur racer Rider 2: Engineering test rider with previous experience in braking evaluations and with motorcycle road racing Rider 3: Engineering test rider with previous experience in braking evaluations and with extensive motorcycling experience Rider 4: Experienced amateur racer and professional race instructor, experienced in teaching limit braking skills Dynamic Research, Inc.

6. 6 MOTORCYCLES BMW R1200 GS –Partially integral combined brake system: hand lever operates F&R brakes, foot pedal operates R brake –ABS off switch BMW R1200 RT –Partially integral combined brake system: hand lever operates F&R brakes, foot pedal operates R brake BMW K1200 LT –Fully integral combined brake system: F&R systems both activated by either hand lever or foot pedal For K measurements, ABS was disabled on all motorcycles Dynamic Research, Inc.

7. 7 INSTRUCTIONS TO TEST RIDERS FOR K MEASUREMENT In order to maximize reproducibility: Used R78-ann4-app to the extent feasible Some “clarifications” were needed in order to make the instructions more clear and less ambiguous Some “variations” were in order to study the effects of “maximum control force” and “non-constant control force” Riders were reminded to avoid capsize Dynamic Research, Inc.

8. 8 BASELINE INSTRUCTIONS 1.DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF ADHESION (K) FOR PURPOSES OF VERIFYING THE TEST SURFACES 1.1.The coefficient of adhesion shall be determined from the maximum braking rate, without wheel lock, of the vehicle with the anti-lock device(s) disconnected and braking both wheels or systems simultaneously. [1]/ [1] 1.2.Braking tests shall be carried out by applying the brakes at an initial speed of about 60 km/h (or, in the case of vehicles unable to attain 60 km/h, at a speed of about 0.9 Vmax) to a stop with the vehicle unladen (except for any necessary test instrumentation and/or safety equipment). As constant a force as is practicable must be used on each brake control throughout the tests. 1.3.A series of tests may be carried out up to the critical point reached at incipient wheel(s) lock by varying both the hand and the foot brake control forces, in order to determine the maximum braking rate of the vehicle. [2]2/[2] Dynamic Research, Inc. (deviations from R78 are marked in red bold)

9. 9 NON-CONSTANT FORCE INSTRUCTIONS 1.DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF ADHESION (K) FOR PURPOSES OF VERIFYING THE TEST SURFACES 1.1.The coefficient of adhesion shall be determined from the maximum braking rate, without wheel lock, of the vehicle with the anti-lock device(s) disconnected and braking both wheels or systems simultaneously. [1]/[1] 1.2.Braking tests shall be carried out by applying the brakes at an initial speed of about 60 km/h (or, in the case of vehicles unable to attain 60 km/h, at a speed of about 0.9 Vmax) to a stop with the vehicle unladen (except for any necessary test instrumentation and/or safety equipment). 1.3.A series of tests may be carried out up to the critical point reached at incipient wheel(s) lock by varying both the hand and the foot brake control forces, in order to determine the maximum braking rate of the vehicle. [2]2/[2] Dynamic Research, Inc. (deviations from R78 are marked in red bold)

10. 10 Dynamic Research, Inc. BRAKING RATE CALCULATION

11. 11 RESULTS Surface Friction K Measurements Dynamic Research, Inc. Rider Using “Constant” Braking Force, as required by R78 Best 3 runs selected for each rider Brake Surface Motorcycle Mean Std Dev Both High R1200 GS 0.695 0.103 Both High R1200 RT 0.793 0.206 Both High R1200 LT 0.608 0.119 Both Low R1200 GS 0.278 0.096 Both Low R1200 RT 0.336 0.115 Both Low R1200 LT 0.313 0.053

12. 12 RESULTS Surface Friction K Measurements Dynamic Research, Inc. Rider Using “Non Constant” Braking Force Best 3 runs selected for each rider BrakeSurface MotorcycleMean Std Dev BothHigh R1200GS0.778 0.083 BothHigh R1200 RT0.924 0.084 BothHigh R1200LT0.672 0.035 BothLow R1200GS0.346 0.102 BothLow R1200 RT0.386 0.089 BothLow R1200LT0.400 0.032

13. 13 RESULTS Surface Friction PBC Measurements (ASTM E1337) Dynamic Research, Inc. High mu at start of Phase I Individual Samples 1.0111.0030.9880.9540.983 1.0460.9741.0160.9940.931 0.9720.9550.9200.9940.9330.985 Mean 0.979Standard Deviation 0.034 High mu at end of Phase I (night time, surface possibly damp) Individual Samples 0.9460.9010.8900.8510.8820.857 0.9190.9390.9400.9460.919 Mean 0.908Standard Deviation 0.035

14. 14 RESULTS Surface Friction PBC Measurements (ASTM E1337) Dynamic Research, Inc. Low mu at start of Phase I Individual Samples 0.5310.4370.5160.5290.492 0.5330.5210.4700.5220.487 0.4340.5380.4240.427 Mean 0.504Standard Deviation 0.041 Low mu at end of Phase I Individual Samples 0.5050.5540.5070.5420.507 0.4710.4840.5500.5050.474 0.5260.4620.510 Mean 0.507Standard Deviation 0.030

15. 15 RESULTS Surface Friction PBC Measurements Dynamic Research, Inc. Example Raw Data from PBC Test

16. 16 RESULTS Surface Friction PBC Measurements Dynamic Research, Inc. Example Raw Data from PBC Test