1. TH2/6/14; W2/6/13; T1/24/12; F1/28/11; T1/26/10; T1/27/09 Problems on Eve of Progressive Era (Ch. 22.1; pp. 617-625) Q: What problems existed in America at the turn of the 20 th Century? Q: Predict how, if at all, America will deal with these problems?

2. I. Immigration & Urbanization (“Immigrant Masses & new Urban Middle-Class”) A. Immigration S&E European immigrants – large families – financial reasons - high death rate; more income economic competition – Natives, Afr.-Amer. “Americanize” immigrants – assimilate

3. I. Immigration & Urbanization (cont.) B. Urbanization growing m-c dirty cities expanding cities ethnic neighborhoods – often slums poor living conditions – Jacob Riis “How Other Half Lives”

4. II. Racism/African-American Issues (“African Americans in Racist Age”) A. Segregation 1. de jure – South – Deep South – 80-90% Afr. Amer. - “Jim Crow” laws – Plessy – “separate but equal” - little pol. Influence – no vote 2. de facto – North & West 1890-1920: nadir of post-Emancipation Afr.-Amer. History – lynchings

5. III. Corporate/Working Conditions (“Corporate Boardrooms, Factory Floors”) mergers → monopolies child labor imm. Labor dangerous, unsafe, dirty Triangle Shirt Waist Factory Fire – 1911 – NYC – – 141 women die (30+ jump to death) – women, imm. labor, unsafe conditions – push for reform – Triangle Shirt Waist Fire Triangle Shirt Waist Fire

6. IV. Workers (cont.) (“Workers Organize, Socialism Advances”) A. Unions organize →unions long hours, low wages “bread & butter” issues – AFL tension b/w management & labor 1. IWW – “Wobblies” – 1905 – Chi. – “Big Bill” Haywood – small – only 30K 2. ILGWU – women – textiles/garment industry – unskilled workers

7. IV. Workers (cont.) B. Socialism Eugene Debs – SPA height – 1912 – 120K members – 6% of vote – over 900K votes in 1912 more idealistic – all workers