2. Despite the rapid growth and spread of industrialization during the last 2 centuries, less than a quarter of the world’s population today lives in societies that can be considered fully industrialized.

3. Industrializing agrarian societies Industrializing horticultural societies  Most of them found in: Latin America, southern and eastern Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa  Approximately 70% of the world’s population lives in these societies  Are much smaller (with a median size of 8.1 million) than industrializing agrarian societies (with a median size of 17.7 million)  Only about 10% of the world’s population lives in industrializing horticultural societies today  Most of them found in three places: Sub-Saharan Africa, Papua New Guinea, and Haiti.

4. Rapid population The poverty of the excess population

5.  Divided in two different components: Traditional and industrial  Today’s developing societies are industrializing in a world that is dominated politically and economically  Industrializing horticultural societies face especially serious obstacles to industrialization

6.  There are two separate systems of stratification in these societies:  Rural areas: Old order  Urban areas: New order

7.  The most basic of the older cleavages in industrializing agrarian societies  Conflicts between students and political authorities

10. In simple words, is a process where in, the urban areas tend to grow at a very rapid rate.  This process brought about many, favorable and unfavorable changes to the world.  Urbanization was the most obvious change.

11.  Growth of industries  This attracted more people to the city  Hotspots  Population seemed to explode suddenly  It must be noted that urbanization is almost always perceived as a negative trend.  The rise in population of the cities gives rise to many problems: Air and water pollution Increased crime rates Poverty Deforestation The formation of slums

12. Class divide Change in family structure Catalyst for Socialist Revolution Gradual decline and in standard of living

19. 1.- Machines replaced people in methods of production. 2.- The factory replaced the home as the center of production. 3.- The standard of living grew higher as more goods were produced.

20. 4.- Factory jobs tended to bore workers. Workers did the same thing every day and often lost or never developed a sense of pride in their work.

21. 5.- Workers grew dependent on owners. Owners could hire and fire workers for any reason. 6.- Working conditions and wages were horrible.

22. 7.- Workers formed labor unions, an association of workers that pushed for benefits and reform. This was not an easy thing to do because many riots took place between striking union workers and the police. 8.- Workers refused to work until the owners met their demands. Strikes often turned into bloody battles.

23. 9.- Trade between countries increased.

24. 1. The land-owning class (aristocrats) was replaced by the industrial class (capitalists) as the leaders of governments.

25. 2. The right to vote for both men and women was expanded.

26. 3. A laissez-faire policy took the place of mercantilism. Laissez- faire meant free trade without interference from the government. Mercantilism, or the government policy of controlling overseas markets, meant that nations were strengthened by government control of its economic interests 4. The industrialized or developed countries quickly became the strongest powers of the world. By the end of the 19th century, the United States replaced Great Britain as the leading industrial nation in the world. In the 20th century, the Industrial Revolution would spread to almost every part of the world.

28. 5. New types of economic systems developed. For example, capitalism expanded in the United States; socialism in Great Britain and France; and communism in the Soviet Union.

29. 6. As the Industrial Revolution expanded, industrial nations sought new markets for their goods in other parts of the world. Capitalist nations became imperialist nations, extending their rule over other countries or territories, causing problems which led directly to World War I.