1. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1 Chapter 14 Health Psychology

2. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 Chapter Preview Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Making Positive Life Changes Resources for Effective Life Change Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It Psychology and Your Good Life

3. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 Health Psychology & Behavioral Medicine Health psychology Emphasizes on: Establishing and maintaining health Preventing and treating illness Focuses on behavioral and cognitive factors Behavioral medicine Interdisciplinary field to: Promote health Reduce illness Focus on behavioral and biomedical knowledge

4. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4 Health Psychology & Behavioral Medicine The biopsychosocial model – Applies to health psychology because: It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in health Connections between mind and body - Diverse aspects of each human being tightly intertwined

5. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 5 Health Psychology & Behavioral Medicine Health psychology and behavioral medicine are concerned with how: Psychological states influence health Health and illness may influence the person’s psychological experience

6. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 6 Making Positive Life Changes Health Behaviors Practices that have an impact on physical well- being

7. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 7 Theoretical Models of Change Theory of reasoned action Effective change requires individuals to have specific intentions and positive attitudes about their behaviors Theory of planned behavior Includes theory of reasoned action Adds person’s perceptions of control over outcome

8. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 8 Stages of Change Model Describes process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles Change occurs in progressive stages

9. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9 Stages of Change Model Precontemplation Individuals are not yet genuinely thinking about changing Contemplation Individuals acknowledge problem but not ready to commit to change Preparation/determination Individuals are getting ready to take action Action/willpower Individuals commit to making real change, and enact plan Maintenance Individuals avoid temptation, and pursue healthy behaviors

10. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 10 Stages of Change Model Relapse Challenge during maintenance stage Return to former unhealthy patterns Common aspect of change Can be discouraging Evaluation of stages of change model - Applied successfully to broad range of behaviors

11. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 11 Resources for Effective Life Change Various psychological, social, and cultural resources to help in the journey to a healthier lifestyle Motivation Social relationships Religious faith Personality characteristics

12. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 12 Motivation Refers to the ‘why’ of behavior Intrinsic motivation - Doing something because you want to Extrinsic motivation - Doing something for external rewards Control, autonomy, and competence associated with enhanced outcomes for health behaviors Implementation intentions - Specific strategies for dealing with challenges of making life changes

13. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 13 Social Relationships Social ties important in predicting health Social support - Information and feedback from others indicating Love and care Esteem and value Inclusion in network of communication and mutual obligation

14. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14 Social Relationships Benefits include: Tangible assistance Information Emotional support Social sharing - Turning to others for sounding board or willing ear

15. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15 Religious Faith Strongly related to: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle Good health Related to social support Sense of life meaning Buffer against effects of stressful life events

16. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 16 Figure 14.3

17. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 17 Personality Characteristics Conscientiousness Tend to do things that they are told are good for their health Personal control Can reduce stress and lead to problem solving

18. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 18 Personality Characteristics Self-efficacy Influences development of healthy habits, persistence in face of obstacles, and experience of stress Optimism Associated with taking proactive steps to protect one’s health

19. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 19 Stress and Its Stages Stress Response to environmental stressors, the circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Common effects on body when demands placed on it: Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

20. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 20 Figure 14.4 - Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

21. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 21 Stress and the Immune System Serious implications of chronic stress Psychoneurimmunology - Explores connections among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system Stress: Lowers efficiency of immune system Directly promotes disease-producing processes May activate dormant viruses

22. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 22 Figure 14.5 - Stress and the Risk of a Cold

23. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 23 Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Chronic emotional stress associated with: High blood pressure Heart disease Early death People in a chronically stressed condition more likely to take up unhealthy habits Which are linked to cardiovascular disease

24. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24 Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Personality characteristics: Type A behavior pattern - Excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile Type B behavior pattern - Relaxed and easygoing Type D behavior pattern - Distressed, frequently experience negative emotions, and are socially inhibited

25. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 25 Stress and Cancer Association of stress with poor health behaviors Stress sets in motion biological changes involving the autonomic, endocrine, and immune systems Physiological effects of stress inhibit cellular immune responses Diminished natural killer (NK) cell activity in cancer patients

26. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26 Cognitive Appraisal Refers to perception of events in determining stress Interpretation of events and determination of resources to cope effectively Coping a form of problem solving Primary appraisal - Individuals interpret event as harm, threat, or challenge Secondary appraisal - Individuals evaluate resources and their effectiveness

27. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 27 Coping with Stress Problem-focused coping - Cognitive strategy of squarely facing troubles and trying to solve them Works best over long term Emotion-focused coping - Entails responding to stress by trying to manage emotional reaction, rather than confronting problem Denial - Main protective psychological mechanism for navigating overwhelming feelings

28. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 28 Successful Coping Associated with: Sense of personal control Healthy immune system Personal resources Positive emotions Optimism can play a strong role in effective coping

29. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29 Successful Coping Hardiness - Characterized by sense of: Commitment rather than alienation Control rather than powerlessness Problems as challenges rather than threats

30. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 30 Stress Management Programs Teach individuals how to: Appraise stressful events Develop coping skills Put skills into use Use a range of techniques to handle stress

31. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 31 Toward a Healthier Body and Mind Exercise Eating right Quitting smoking Going cold turkey Using a substitute source of nicotine Seeking therapeutic help Practicing safe sex Prevent unwanted pregnancy Protection against sexually transmitted infections

32. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32 Figure 14.9 - Physical Fitness & Mortality

33. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33 Psychology and Your Good Life Mental and physical aspects of existence intertwine and influence each other in dynamic ways Human beings are physical entity and a system of mental processes Fascination of human life is a primary motivation for the science of psychology itself