1. The Potential of Oil palm Biomass for Livestock Feed: Present and Future
Mohammad Amizi Ayob
Faculty Agro Based Industry
University Malaysia Kelantan

2. Outline Introduction Challenges Facing Potential and Opportunities
Conclusions

3. Introduction The oil palm - “Golden Crop” of Malaysia.
Malaysia and Indonesia are the two largest oil palm producers:
Malaysia: with a total of 5.29 million hectares of plantation in 2013 (MPOB 2014)
Indonesia: 6.07 million hectares in 2007 (USDA2008)
Projected 10 million hectares in 2020 and 40 mil tones of CPO ( Palm oil HQ 2009)
The palm oil sector correspondingly generates the largest amount of biomass, estimated at 80 million dry m/tonnes in 2010.
Expected to increase to about 100 million dry m/tonnes by 2020, primarily driven by increases in yield

4. Continue….
Malaysia could benefit from an additional RM 30 billion contribution to GNI by utilizing the biomass from the oil palm industry for higher value-added downstream activities
Oil Palm is a versatile crop - every part can be utilized from the main products until biomass utilization

5. Oil Palm Producer Countries

6. Biomass Production Produced in 2 situations
During 25 years of life span : 2 common co Products are Fresh Fruit Bunches and Fronds during pruning and another additional product trunk Biomass During replanting
During processing FFB and Kernel which produced 4 common Co- products biomass , Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB), Palm Kernel Meal ( PKM / PKC) , Palm Press Fibre (PFF) , Palm Kernel Shell, Effluent ( POME)

7. Challenges Facing in Oil Palm Biomass for Livestock
Alternatives of New Product of from similar oil palm biomass which contributed high return
Shortage of Biomass Material to develop new product
Cost of Transportation and processing cost ( Fuel and Plant Installation)
Increasing Input Cost
Uncertain Production due to climate change
Competitor or new plant sources of biomass ( Example Camelina sativa )

8. THE ISSUES AT HAND IN THE RUMINANTS AND NON RUMINANTS INDUSTRY
Presently the main constraint facing the ruminant industry is not only high cost of feed but also their shortage.
To further exacerbate the matter the price of soybean meal (SBM) is higher compared to PKC.
PKC and PKE 95% Exported to EU for Diary Industry
The other major constraint is due to low quality and limited choice of fodder.

9. Potential and Opportunities

10. Meat Consumption and Demand
The world per capita consumption of meat from 1960 to 2005 at range level 7.8kg to 10.5kg in 2010 ( FAO 2012)
Similarly per capita consumption of beef in Malaysia has increased based on life style of western food and decreasing main source of protein from fisheries industry
from 4.3kg in 1995 to 6.7 in 2005 and
Increase to 8.4kg by 2010 ( DVS 2011) in Table 1

11. Average annual growth rates (%)
Table 1: Demand, projected and self- sufficiency of beef in Malaysia ( )
1995
2000
2005
2010
Average annual growth rates (%)
Projected total demand (‘000 tonnes) 88
122.5
172.3
240
6.8
7.1
6.9
Per capita consumption (kg)
4.3
5.3
6.7
8.4
4.8
4.6
Self-suffiency level (%)
19.2
20.8
22.5
24.4
1.6
Forecast production (‘000 tonnes)
16.9
20.3
23.9 28
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.4
Source: Department of Veterinary Services Statistic (2011)

12. Ruminants Industry Potential in South East Asia and Its Relation with Oil Palm Industry
Historically the ruminant industry in South East Asia was utilized for
raw power for daily agricultural activity,
dairy products and
household meat consumption
Plantation crops such as rubber, oil palm , cocoa and other major crops occupy the majority of arable lands.
The available forages and biomass under this plantation crops especially oil palm contribute the feedstock for ruminants

13. The feedlot System and integration are normally implemented and wholly owned by:
the government agencies and
the plantation agencies
But still the cattle industry in Malaysia is predominantly dominated by smallholders and traditional farmers. ( Table 3)
Table 2 showed 47% of cattle population belongs to this group

14. Table 2: Cattle Population in Malaysia (Heads)
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Total Heads
787384
781316
806057
863,057
871892
890,404
Source: Ministry of Agriculture (2010)
Table 3: Cattle Status Industry in Malaysia 2008
Feedlot
Integration
Traditional
Total
Population (Heads)
254,327
194,984
398,446
847,757
Production(mt)
21,898
7019
9333
38250
Producers (Person)
459
1380
37,053
38,892
Source: Malaysia Veterinary Department Statistic (2009)

15. From the encouraging pattern growth in the ruminants industry, and due to shortage of grassland, the livestock feed security needs to be given priority in order to sustain the ruminants industry in Malaysia and South East Asia

16. Smallholders need to find other alternatives of low cost livestock feed to sustain .
Ruminant industry needs to utilize oil palm biomass as feedstock product

17. Comparison Yield/ Ha OIL TYPE YIELD /KGS/HA Palm 4000-5500 Rapeseed
1000
Ground nut
890
Sunflower
800
Soya bean
375
Coconut
395
Cotton Seed
173
Sesame Seed
159
Source: Mubert (1999)

18. Graph 1
2.40
2.38
2.36
2.36
2.31
2.24
2.15

19. Beef Cattle and Buffaloes
Palm Kernal Cake
Beef Cattle and Buffaloes
Dairy Cattle
Sheep and Goats
Poultry
Inclusion levels in Feed
80% in feed
30-50% in feed
30%
Up to 20%
Advantage
May give Live Weight Gain of kg/day and kg day for local (Kedah-Kelantan) and Mafriwal respectively
A cow may yield liters milk/day. With good formulation can even give higher yields
Good and cheap source of energy for sheep and goats
FCR of 1:0.48 was reported for broilers fed palm kernel expeller (PKE) at 35 days of age (Onifade and Babatunde, 1999)
Disadvantage -
Long-term feeding of PKC at high inclusion level (>80%) can cause Cu toxicity in sheep
Inclusion of PKC at levels >20% was reported to reduce egg production and egg quality (Yeong et al., 1981)
Sources:Alimon and Hair -Bejo (1995

20. Oil Palm Fronds(OPF) Availability as Source of Feeds for Ruminants
Oil palm fronds is the best alternative so far. Why?
The oil palm fronds is one of the most abundant agriculture waste products from oil palm biomass.
Almost all pruned fronds are discarded in the plantation and mainly used for nutrient recycling until the cattle integration was introduced in the oil palm plantation
sustainable product because available at all times.
Tables 4

21. Table 4 :Annual Dry Weight of oil Palm Biomass Availability
NOS
Biomass
Dry Weight ( Tonne/ Hec 1
Trunk at Felling
Fronds at Felling
75.46
14.47 2
Annual Pruning and Harvesting of Fronds
10.47 3
Press Fruit Fibre
1.63
Sources :Chan et al 1981

22. Table 5. Cost Comparison of OPF, PKC and SBM
Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)
Total Cost
Soya Bean Meal (SBM)
Total Cost
Fresh oil palm Fronds (OPF)
Oil Palm Frond Pellet
(OPFP)
Material cost Range USD Based on the CPO price zone USD
USD 174
Material Cost
USD
Free
USD 180
Delivery cost USD 53-66
USD 66
NIL
USD 10
Total
USD 240
USD 586
USD190

23. Average annual pruning: 82.5 kg of fronds/palm/year

24. Table 7: Comparison of Nutritive Value of By Product (%)CP CF
NDF
ADF EE
ASH
TDN DM
ME (MJ/kg)
Soya Bean Meal (SBM)
Oil Palm Fronds (OPF)
Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) 48
4.7
17.2
7.0
38.5
17.1
14.0
78.7
74.3
10.0
52.9
55.6
18.8
2.1
1.5
5.5
3.2
4.3 78 45 65 90
30.2 89
13.3
5.70
11.3
CP: Crude Protein, CF: Crude Fibre, NDF: Neutral Detergent Fibre,
ADF: Acid Detergent Fiber, EE: Ether Extract, TDN: Total Digestibility Nutrient,
DM: Dry Matter, ME: Metabolizable Energy
Sources: Alimon and Hair Bejo 1995, and Baize, John C .2000

25. OPF is abundant , free and available at all time.
Continue…
Although oil palm fronds contain less crude protein compared to soya bean meal and the palm cake kernel cake BUT they are abundant (Table 7)
Although OPF have lower crude protein (4.7) and metabolizable energy of 5.7 mj/kg, the cost of OPF is still much cheaper compared to both PKC and SBM.
OPF is abundant , free and available at all time.
The Average Daily Gain Weight (ADWG) in cattle is not much different when fed with OPF compared to PKC with exception of SBM.

26. Continue…
a study of Brahman cattle when fed with PKC and OPF showed the ADWG of 0.75kg and 0.65kg respectively and when fed with SBM showed the ADWG 1.2kg – 1.3kg (Alimon and Hair Bejo 1995).
The other potential OPF can be mixed in animal feed as mixed ration thus reducing cost in the usage of PKC and SBM.
OPF is affordable to the main players which are the traditional farmers

27. CONCLUSION
The availability of technologies and expanding uses of oil palm biomass contribute huge potential as substitute of livestock feed.
With low self sufficiency of red meat especially in this region, can contribute to enhance the ruminants industry and to assist the farmers to get cheaper and available feeds for ruminants.
Reliable and Sustainability supply of Biomass compared with other biomass .

28. THANK YOU