1. Alfred Russel Wallace collecting butterflies
Alfred Russel Wallace collecting butterflies. (After various sources, especially van Oosterzee 1997; Gardiner 1998.)

2. Figure 17.1
A diagrammatic pitfall trap cut away to show the inground cup filled with preserving fluid. (After an unpublished drawing by A. Hastings.)

3. Figure 17.2
Pin positions for representative insects: (a) larger beetles (Coleoptera); (b) grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets (Orthoptera);
(c) larger flies (Diptera); (d) moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera); (e) wasps and sawflies (Hymenoptera); (f) lacewings (Neuroptera);
(g) dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata), lateral view; (h) bugs, cicadas, leafhoppers, and planthoppers (Hemiptera: Heteroptera,Cicadomorpha, and Fulgoromorpha).

4. Figure 17.3
Correct and incorrect pinning: (a) insect in lateralview, correctly positioned; (b) too low on pin; (c) tilted on long axis, instead
of horizontal; (d) insect in front view, correctlypositioned; (e) too high on pin; (f) body tilted laterally and pin position incorrect. Handling insect specimens with entomological forceps: (g) placing specimen mount into foam or cork; (h removing mount from
foam or cork. ((g,h) After Upton 1991.)

5. Figure 17.4
Micropinning with stage and cube mounts: (a) a small bug (Hemiptera) on a stage mount, with position of pin in thorax as shown in Fig. 17.2h; (b) moth (Lepidoptera) on a stage mount, with position of pin in thorax as shown
in Fig. 17.2d; (c) mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) on a cube mount, with thorax impaled laterally; (d) black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) on a cube mount, with thorax impaled laterally.(After Upton 1991.)

6. Figure 17.5
Point mounts: (a) a small wasp; (b) a weevil; (c) an ant. Carding: (d) a beetle glued to a card mount. (After Upton 1991.)

7. Figure 17.6
Spreading of appendages prior to drying of specimens: (a) a beetle pinned to a foam sheet showing the spread antennae and legs held with pins; (b) setting board with mantid and butterfly showing spread wings held in place
by pinned setting paper. ((b) After Upton 1991.)