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Histone protein modification I- Histone acetylation /deacetylation II- Histone phosphrylation/dephosphrylation
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Histone protein modification I- Histone acetylation /deacetylation The mechanism by which transcriptional activator and transcriptional repressors work. Acetylation results in more opened chromatin structure
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Histone protein modification II- Histone phosphrylation/dephosphrylation Phosphorylated histones are present in transcriptionally active regions.
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Mitochondrial DNA What kind of disease this might be ?
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Mitochondrial DNA This is called as well maternal inheritance
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Recombinant DNA technology How to put gene expression to work An introduction to genetic engineering
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Gene cloning Insert a new DNA within the genome of a certain organism Transformed organism will acquire a new character
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What will happen ?if we cut the DNA and inject it into the desired cell
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Can we inject the DNA directly into the cell
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Identify the gene border first ORF Of the gene
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Secondly, Identify the promoter area Types of promoters Endogenous Exogenous
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Cut the gene of interst with restriction enzymes
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Select a compatible cloning vector
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Types of cloning vectors Plasmid Cosmid BAC YAC
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Expression vectors Add a ribosome binding site
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Transform into the bacterial cell to replicate the plas mid along with the gene of interest
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Competent cells
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Example insulin
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Cancer genetics Types of cancer tumors” -Benign Malignant Metastasis
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DNA of cancer patient is able to transform normal cells into cancerous cells?
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Cancer development Normal cell needs multiple mutations to develop cancer Cancer needs years to occur One mutated cell can give millions of mutated cells over years
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How cancer develop
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Cancer sometimes occurs naturally within the cell without an apparent reason Do you think there are other factors that might induce its development?
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In our bodies, we have up to 50 genes that can be called protooncogenes If protooncogene becomes mutated or transformed into oncogene, the host cell becomes malignant
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Pyton Rous experiment with chicken ( another meaning of transformation)
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Virus !
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Other factors Diets Toxins Mutagens UV and radiation
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