1. Schools As Systems Organizational Theory Of Education Traditionalism The Idea That The Past Is The Best Guide For The Present. Informal And Spontaneous Rationality The Idea That Rules, Efficiency, and Practical Results Are The Key To All Things Good

2. Formal Organizations Formal organizations are usually large- scale groups that have a planned focus and a clearly defined structureFormal organizations are usually large- scale groups that have a planned focus and a clearly defined structure Such organizations are often referred to as bureaucraciesSuch organizations are often referred to as bureaucracies Max Weber studied bureaucracies as ideal organizations of complex, modern societyMax Weber studied bureaucracies as ideal organizations of complex, modern society

3. Characteristics Of Bureaucracy Hierarchy Of Authority (Clear Levels)Hierarchy Of Authority (Clear Levels)  Compliance And Coordination –Communication Blocks Division Of Labor (Specialization)Division Of Labor (Specialization)  Technical Expertise –Boredom Rules And Procedures (Behavior Guides)Rules And Procedures (Behavior Guides)  Continuity And Conformity –Rigidity And Lack Of Creativity

4. Characteristics Of Bureaucracy Merit-Based Employment (Career Is Key)Merit-Based Employment (Career Is Key)  Incentives To Invest & Work Hard –Conflict Between Seniority & Achievement Impersonal Orientation (Position Is Key)Impersonal Orientation (Position Is Key)  Easy To Replace Lost Productivity –Lack Of Morale And Alienation

5. Authority And Decision-Making... Bureaucracy In Education Who Do Schools Answer To And Why Do Public Schools Look So Much Alike? (Chubb & Moe’s Institutional Perspective) PUBLIC SCHOOLS (Democratic Control) The Battle For Public Authority Constituents Choose PRIVATE SCHOOLS (Market Control) Voting With Your Feet Consumers Choose

6. Authority And Decision-Making... Bureaucracy In Education Who Do Schools Answer To And Why Do Public Schools Look So Much Alike? (Meyer Et Al’s Bureaucratization Without Centralization) PUBLIC SCHOOLS (Bureaucracy) Why Must Control Be Vested At Higher And Higher Levels Of Bureaucracy? PRIVATE SCHOOLS (Autonomy) Why Can’t Higher-Level Administrative Units Control What Happens In The Classroom?